Table 4.

Results of mixed model analyses ¹ for mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for highly-adherent ² Alzheimer’s Dementia Patients.

	Alzheimer’s Dementia (n = 412)				Vascular Dementia (n = 72)				Others (n = 53)
	Difference in Scores		Group-Time Interaction		Difference in Scores		Group-Time Interaction		Difference in Scores		Group-Time Interaction
MMSE	ChEI Only (n = 300)	ChEI + Nootropics (n = 112)	F	p Value	ChEI Only (n = 45)	ChEI + Nootropics (n = 27)	F	p Value	ChEI Only (n = 45)	ChEI + Nootropics (n = 8)	F	p Value
Total	−1.36 ± 3.87	−0.77 ± 2.85	2.18	0.141	−0.78 ± 3.51	−0.59 ± 4.17	0.04	0.841	−0.36 ± 5.19	−1.38 ± 4.66	0.27	0.606
Orientation	−0.64 ± 2.16	−0.54 ± 1.82	0.22	0.640	−0.38 ± 1.84	−0.22 ± 3.23	0.07	0.795	−0.18 ± 2.76	−0.50 ± 1.93	0.10	0.753
Immediate recall	−0.08 ± 0.66	−0.07 ± 0.57	0.03	0.865	−0.13 ± 0.84	0.11 ± 0.75	1.54	0.219	−0.16 ± 0.64	−0.25 ± 0.46	0.16	0.692
Attention & calculation	−0.18 ± 1.49	−0.12 ± 1.32	0.16	0.689	−0.58 ± 1.42	0.04 ± 1.22	0.04	0.841	0.13 ± 1.75	0.38 ± 1.41	0.14	0.714
Delayed recall	−0.01 ± 1.03	−0.22 ± 1.11	3.35	0.068	0.07 ± 0.92	−0.19 ± 1.15	1.06	0.307	−0.07 ± 0.99	0.00 ± 1.51	0.03	0.872
Language	−0.38 ± 1.46	0.12 ± 1.26	10.16	0.002	0.20 ± 1.04	−0.14 ± 1.11	2.21	0.142	−0.22 ± 1.74	−1.00 ± 2.67	1.14	0.291
Visuospatial construction	−0.06 ± 0.56	0.06 ± 0.59	4.00	0.046	−0.02 ± 0.54	−0.15 ± 0.53	0.92	0.341	0.13 ± 0.55	0.00 ± 0.76	0.36	0.552

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. MMSE, mini-mental state examination; ChEI, cholinesterase inhibitor. ¹ The results for the linear mixed-effects model were adjusted for covariates of sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, Parkinsonism, visual disturbance/hearing loss, hemiplegia/paraplegia, and mood/anxiety disorder. ² Highly-adherent subjects are defined as proportion of days covered ≥ 0.7; Proportion of days covered = (Number of days in the period “covered” by prescription) × 100/(Number of days in period).