Table 2.
Pharmacological actions of quercetin-containing plants.
| Plant Names | Plant Part(s) | Diabetic Model/s | Pharmacological Actions of Plants | Dose of Quercetin | Duration of Treatment | Pharmacological Actions of Quercetin | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acanthopanax senticosus | Root | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | ↓ Blood glucose, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea ↓ Oxidative stress |
50 mg/kg | 30 days | Inhibits α-glucosidase activity Reduces oxidative stress |
[66,70,71] |
| Ginkgo biloba | Leaf | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↑ β-cell mass and insulin secretion ↓ Amyloid-β neurotoxicity |
90 mg/kg | 10 weeks | Delays the progression of STZ-induced diabetic cataracts Reduces AGE products activity |
[72,73] |
| Psidium guajava | Leaf | NA-STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↓ Oxidative stress ↓ Protein glycation ↓ Inflammation |
10- 50 mg/kg | 28 days | Reduces blood glucose levels Increases insulin secretion Improves T2DM-mediated cardiovascular disease |
[74,75] |
| Momordica charantia | Fruit | HFF obese rats | ↓ Blood glucose, total cholesterol ↑ Insulin secretion |
50 mg/kg | 12 weeks | Reduces oxidation stress by inhibiting the release of chemokines and cytokines | [76,77] |
| Polygonum perfoliatum | Leaf | HFF obese rats | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Inflammation |
60–240 mg/kg | 4 weeks | Inhibits α-glucosidase activity | [78] |
| Phyllanthus Emblica | Fruit | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↓ Triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, total cholesterol ↑ HDL cholesterol |
25–75 mg/kg | 28 days | Decreases blood glucose Increases insulin secretion |
[79] |
| Cuscuta chinensis | Seed | Alloxan-induced diabetic mice | ↓ Fasting blood glucose ↑ Insulin secretion Inhibits DPP-IV activity |
20 mg/kg | 3 weeks | Reduces fasting blood glucose level Enhances GLUT4 expression |
[65,80] |
| Euphorbia helioscopia | Leaf, root | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↑ Insulin secretion ↓ Blood glucose |
100 mg/kg | 7 weeks | Reduces blood glucose and blood glycated hemoglobin levels | [81,82] |
| Brassica rapa | Root | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↓ Fasting blood glucose ↓ Inflammation ↓ Hypertension Inhibits DPP-IV activity |
15 mg/kg | 25 days | Decreases blood glucose levels Improves glucose tolerance |
[83,84] |
| Crataegus pinnatifida | Leaf, fruit | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↓ Fasting blood glucose ↓ VLDL and LDL cholesterol |
100 mg/kg | 14 days | Decreases blood glucose Increases plasma insulin |
[85,86] |
| Sophora japonica | Bud, flower |
STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↑ Insulin release Inhibits DPP-IV activity |
10–15 mg/kg | 10 days | Reduces blood glucose levels Improves glucose tolerance |
[50,87] |
| Coriandrum sativum | Herb | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↑ Insulin secretion ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Inflammation |
50 mg/kg | 8 weeks | Decreases fasting blood glucose Suppresses TNF-α, IL-1β, and production of AGEs |
[88,89,90] |
| Cymbopogon citratus | Herb | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↓ Fasting blood glucose ↓ Inflammation ↓ Hypertension ↑ Insulin secretion |
20–50 mg/kg | 6 weeks | Reduces blood glucose levels Decreases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) Improves T2DM-mediated testicular damage |
[91,92,93] |
| Allium cepa | Bulb | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, total cholesterol ↑ HDL cholesterol ↑ Insulin secretion |
100–200 mg/kg | 6 weeks | Lowers blood glucose Improves glucose tolerance |
[94,95,96] |
| Prunus avium | Fruit | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↓ Blood glucose ↑ Insulin secretion ↓ LDL and VLDL cholesterol |
50–80 mg/kg | 45 days | Reduces blood glucose levels Improves oxidative stress |
[97,98,99] |
| Capparis spinosa | Fruit | Alloxan-induced diabetic mice | ↓ Fasting blood glucose ↑ Insulin secretion ↓ Liver damage |
50 mg/kg | 7 days | Decreases fasting blood glucose Reduces ALT and AST levels |
[100,101,102] |
| Brassica oleracea var. Italica | Flower | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↑ Insulin secretion ↓ Blood glucose |
10 mg/kg | 4 weeks | Decreases blood glucose levels Reduces creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels |
[103,104,105] |
| Lactuca sativa | Leaf | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | ↓ Fasting blood glucose ↑ Insulin secretion ↓ Inflammation |
50 mg/kg | 4 weeks | Reduces blood glucose levels Decreases creatinine, ALT, AST, and cholesterol levels |
[106,107,108] |
| Asparagus officinalis | Stem | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↑ Insulin secretion ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Inflammation |
50 mg/kg | 12 weeks | Reduces fasting blood glucose Decreases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) Improves glucose tolerance |
[109,110] |
| Acacia arabica | Bark | HFF-induced obese diabetic rats | ↑ Insulin secretion Inhibits DPP-IV activity ↓ Protein glycation |
30 mg/kg | 8 weeks | Reduces fasting blood glucose Decreases LDL and TG levels Increases HDL levels |
[15,111] |
| Solanum lycopersicum | Fruit | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↓ Blood glucose ↑ Insulin secretion |
10 mg/kg | 28 days | Decreases blood glucose levels Increases insulin secretion Inhibits apoptosis |
[112,113] |
| Piper nigrum | Flower | Alloxan-induced diabetic mice | ↑ Insulin secretion ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Inflammation |
50 mg/kg | 7 days | Reduces blood glucose levels | [114,115] |
| Toona sinensis | HFF-induced obese diabetic rats | ↑ Insulin secretion ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Inflammation |
200 mg/kg | 4 weeks | Improves glucose tolerance Decreases TG and TC levels |
[116] |
Symbols. ↑: Increase; ↓: Decrease.