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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Absorbed energy as a function of impact energy. Experimental and numerical results comparison for all the bumper beam types. (a) Eabs-Eimp for Type A; (b) Eabs-Eimp for Type B; (c) Eabs-Eimp for Type C; and (d) Eabs-Eimp for Type D.