Table 1.

mRNA vaccines in various animal models.

Delivery Method	Routes of Administration	Target	Immune Response	Animal Model	References
Naked mRNA	Intramuscular	Tumors	Humoral	Mice	[60]
	Intramuscular	Influenza, RSV, Encephalitis	Humoral	Mice	[61]
	Intradermal	Influenza	Humoral/Cellular	Mice, Human	[56]
	Intranodal	Influenza	Humoral	Mice	[43]
	Intranasal	Tuberculosis	Humoral	Mice	[65]
Dendrimer	Intramuscular	Ebola, Influenza and Toxoplasma	Humoral/Cellular	Mice	[91]
	Intramuscular	Zika	Humoral/Cellular	Mice	[121]
Protamine	Intradermal, Intramuscular	Rabies virus	Humoral	Mice, Pigs, and human	[82]
	Intradermal	Influenza	Humoral/Cellular	Mice, Ferrets, and pigs	[122]
	Intradermal	Prostate cancer	Cellular	Human	[123]
Polymer	Intramuscular	Influenza	Humoral	Mice	[124]
	Intranasal	HIV-gp120	Humoral	Mice
	Intramuscular	HIV-Gag and Pol	Humoral/Cellular	Mice	[93]
	Subcutaneous	Zika	Humoral/Cellular	Mice, Rabbit	[90]
Lipid nanoparticle	Intradermal	Zika	Humoral	Mice, Primates	[12]
	Intramuscular	Ebola	Humoral	Guinea pigs	[125]
	Intradermal	HIV-Env	Humoral/Cellular	Mice	[126]
	Intravenous	HIV-IgG	Humoral	Mice	[127]
	Intramuscular	SARS-CoV2	Humoral	Human	[128,129]
Cationic nanoemulsion	Sub cutaneous	HIV—Gag	Humoral	Mice	[130]
	Intramuscular	RSV, CMV, HIV	Humoral	Mice, Rabbit, Macaques	[117]
	Intramuscular	Encephalitis	Humoral	Mice	[120]
Virus-like replicon particle	Intradermal	Dengue	Humoral	Macaques	[131]
	Intravenous, Intramuscular	Influenza	Humoral/Cellular	Mice, Swine	[132]
	Intramuscular	HIV	Humoral/Cellular	Mice	[133]
	Subcutaneous, Intramuscular	Ebola	Cellular	Primates	[134]
	Intramuscular	SARS-CoV	Humoral	Mice	[135]
	Intranasal	MERS-CoV	Humoral	Mice	[136]
	Intradermal	RSV	Humoral	Primates	[137]
	Subcutaneous, intramuscular	CMV	Humoral	Human	[138]