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. 2022 Aug 1;12(8):1175. doi: 10.3390/life12081175

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Illustration of failed treatment of right carotid cavernous sinus by GKRS. A 68-year-old female presented with right eye chemosis and increased intraocular pressure for 2 months and received gamma knife treatment targeted at the cavernous sinus on the right side without obliteration of the fistula. (A) Cerebral angiography in PA view in right ECA injection. (B) Cerebral angiography in lateral view in right ECA injection. (C) Cerebral angiography in PA view in right ICA injection. (D) Cerebral angiography in lateral view in right ICA injection. (E) Cerebral MAR PA view. (F) Cerebral MRA in lateral view. (G) Demonstration of GKRS with treated volume of 0.518 cc in 18 Gy (55% line), yellow line: 55% line. (H) Cerebral MRA in PA view 6 years after GKRS. (I) Cerebral MRA in lateral view 6 years after GKRS. (J) Cerebral angiography in PA view in right ECA injection 6 years after GKRS. (K) Cerebral angiography in lateral view in right ECA injection 6 years after GKRS. (L) Cerebral angiography in PA view in right ICA injection 6 years after GKRS. (M) Cerebral angiography in lateral view in right ICA injection 6 years after GKRS. (N) Cerebral MRA in PA view 8 years after GKRS. ECA, ICA, and MRA: see text.