Table 1.
Phenolics in sea cucumbers and their antioxidant activity.
| Species | Body Parts | TPC (mg GAE/g) | TFC (mg RE/g) | Antioxidant Assays | References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPPH (%) | ABTS (mg TE/g) | HRSA (mg TE/g) | MCA (mg EDTAE/g) | ORAC (mmol TE/g) | |||||
| Holothuria forskali | Dried sea cucumber (extract) | 3.19–5.21 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | [34] |
| Holothuria forskali | Dried sea cucumber (hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts) | 0.48 | NA | 1.06 f | 18.83 b | NA | NA | NA | [35] |
| Holothuria arguinensis | Dried sea cucumber (hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts) | 0.84 | NA | 0.13 f | 22.34 b | NA | NA | NA | [35] |
| Holothuria mammata | Dried sea cucumber (hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts) | 0.79 | NA | 0.31 f | 30.89 b | NA | NA | NA | [35] |
| Holothuria atra | Body wall (phosphate buffer extract) | NA | NA | 82 to 95 | NA | NA | NA | NA | [31] |
| Holothuria atra | Dried sea cucumber (extract) | Detected | Detected | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | [36] |
| Holothuria arenicola | Body wall (phosphate buffer extract) | NA | NA | 82–95 | NA | NA | NA | NA | [32] |
| Holothuria scabra | Dried sea cucumber (hexanes, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol extracts) | 20–46.54 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | [37] |
| Holothuria scabra | Dried sea cucumber (methanol extract) | 30.52 | NA | 33.77 c | NA | NA | NA | NA | [22] |
| Holothuria scabra | Sea cucumber without viscera (aqueous and organic extracts) | 1.53–4.85 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | [21] |
| Holothuria scabra | Dried sea cucumber (extracts) | 2.02–2.86 | 0.35–2.49 e | [23] | |||||
| Holothuria leucospilota | Dried body wall (methanol, acetone, and water extracts) | 4.58 | 0.84 | NA | NA | NA | NA | [20] | |
| Holothuria leucospilota | Sea cucumber without viscera (aqueous and organic extracts) | 2.91–9.7 | NA | 3.91–5.44 | NA | NA | NA | NA | [21] |
| Cucumaria frondosa | Body wall (acetone extract) | 3.05–3.98 | 1.22–1.55 | 4.98–5.04 d | 7.51–8.01 | 10.47–10.65 | 0.41–0.53 | NA | [5] |
| Cucumaria frondosa | Viscera (acetone extract) | 2.32–3.02 | 1.01–1.24 a | 4.37–4.62 d | 7.36–7.87 | 9.57–9.85 | 0.29–0.44 | NA | [24] |
| Cucumaria frondosa | Tentacles/flowers (acetone extract) | 3.09 | 1.61 | 6.67 d | NA | NA | 0.55 | NA | [38] |
| Cucumaria frondosa | Fresh and dried sea cucumber with/without viscera (methanol extract) | 0.88–1.08 | NA | 4.51–7.48 b | NA | NA | NA | 2.09–2.6 | [19] |
| Cucumaria frondosa | Dried digestive tract, gonads, muscles, and respiratory apparatus (extract) | 0.22–2.36 | 0.029–0.59 | NA | NA | NA | 140–800 b | [25] | |
| Stichopus variegatus | Dried sea cucumber without viscera (aqueous extract) | 10.55–10.9 | NA | 1.67–2.3 c | NA | NA | NA | NA | [27] |
| Apostichopus japonicus | Dried internal organs (extract) | 13.6–116.90 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | [39] |
| Apostichopus japonicus | Dried body wall (water and ethanol extracts) | 18.65–40.99 | 5.92–30.38 | 3.2–16.37 b | 0.83–1.5 b | NA | NA | NA | [28] |
| Apostichopus japonicus | Dried sea cucumber (methanol extract) | 3.53–20.37 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | [40] |
| Stichopus chloronotus | Sea cucumber without viscera (aqueous and organic extracts) | 1.66–8.27 | NA | 2.13 c | NA | NA | NA | NA | [21] |
Abbreviations are: NA, not available; HRSA, hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity; MCA, metal chelation activity; EDTAE, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalents; TE, Trolox equivalents; a data expressed as mg catechin equivalents/g; b data expressed as µmol TE/g; c data expressed as IC50 in mg extract/mL DPPH; d data expressed as mg TE/g; e data expressed as mg quercetin equivalents/g; and f data expressed as mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g.