Table 2.

Phenolic compounds of sea cucumber.

Species	Body Parts	Identified Compounds (mg/100 g)	References
Cucumaria frondosa	Body wall	Protocatechuic acid (8.86), gallic acid (7.34),catechin (5.19), p-coumaric acid (5.11), epigallocatechin gallate (4.87), ellagic acid (4.55), hydroxygallic acid (3.9), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (3.66), p-coumaroyl glycolic acid (3.56), isoferulic acid (3.4), quercetin (3.35), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3.12), vanillic acid (3.04), cinnamic acid (2.9), syringic acid (2.51), myricetin (1.04), phlorizin (0.96), sinapinic acid (0.94), p-hydroxycoumarin (0.93), and caffeic acid (0.7)	[5]
Cucumaria frondosa	Viscera	Catechin (9.33), p-coumaric acid (7.15), protocatechuic acid (7.13), hydroxygallic acid (6.2), quercetin (5.48), gallic acid (5.66), chlorogenic acid (5.53), cinnamic acid (4.78), ellagic acid (4.33), syringic acid (4.23), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3.34), sinapinic acid (3.07), vanillic acid (3.05), caffeoyl glucoside (2.47), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1.89), scopoletin (1.56), homovanillic acid (1.03), caffeic acid (1.01), p-coumaroyl glycolic acid (0.91), p-hydroxycoumarin (0.8), isoferulic acid (0.76), chicoric acid (0.73), and leachianol F (0.63)	[24]
Cucumaria frondosa	Tentacles/flower	Protocatechuic acid (6.91), catechin (6.32), gallic acid (6.14), p-coumaric acid (4.9), gallic acid monohydrate (4.46), quercetin (4.07), ellagic acid (3.86), cinnamic acid (3.35), sinapinic acid (2.56), syringic acid (2.51), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.41), vanillic acid (2.4), chicoric acid (2.32), chlorogenic acid (2.25), caffeic acid (1.91), isoferulic acid (1.74), fraxin (1.64), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (1.46), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1.42), quercetin-3-O-arabinose (1.34), caffeoyl glucoside (1.05), epigallocatechin gallate (1.05), rosmarinic acid (1.05), scopoletin (1.04), homoveratric acid (1), ferulic acid (0.97), sinapine (0.97), homovanillic acid (0.97), p-coumaroyl glycolic acid (0.73), ferulic acid hexoside (0.72), and myricetin (0.2)	[38]
Holothuria atra	Body wall	Chlorogenic acid (80.34%), coumaric acid (2.43), pyrogallol (2.25%), and rutin (0.82)	[31]
Holothuria atra	Body wall	Chlorogenic acid (92.86%), pyrogallol (2.99%), rutin (1.83%), coumaric acid (1.55%), and catechin (0.51)	[30]
Holothuria arenicola	Body wall	Chlorogenic acid (89.66%), pyrogallol (1.88%), coumaric acid (1.23%), and rutin (1.06%)	[32]
Holothuria scabra	Dried sea cucumber	3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde	[22]
Holothuria leucospilota	Body wall	2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol	[20]
Holothuria tubulosa	Body wall	Epicatechin (790 µg/g), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (130.54–158.89 µg/g), ellagic acid (109.25–558.67 µg/g), gallic acid (133.16–205.87 µg/g)), chlorogenic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, rutin, naringin, and quercetin	[33]
Holothuria forskali	Digestive tract, muscle, body wall, gonad, and respiratory tree	Quinic acid (0.39–0.47 μg/mL), salvianolic acid (0.039–0.057 μg/mL), caffeoylquinic acid (0.13–0.14 μg/mL), caffeic acid, syringic acid, trans ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, and gallic acid	[29]