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. 2022 Aug 18;11(16):4852. doi: 10.3390/jcm11164852

Table 2.

Incidence of cranial nerve injury.

Mechanism, n (%)
Blunt—Traffic Accident Blunt—Traffic Accident Blunt—Traffic Accident Blunt—Traffic Accident Blunt—Traffic Accident Blunt—Fall from an Elevation Blunt—Fall from the Stairs Blunt—Fall Down Blunt—Sports Blunt—Others Penetrating Others Unknown
Car Crash Motorcycle Crash Bicycle Crash Pedestrian Others
n = 36,088 n = 35,782 n = 25,117 n = 23,776 n = 1589 n = 28,858 n = 41,433 n = 95,710 n = 6766 n = 24,534 n = 11,556 n = 9518 n = 6374
Cranial nerve injury
I Olfactory 0 (0) 4 (0.0112) 2 (0.0080) 4 (0.0168) 0 (0) 1 (0.0035) 2 (0.0048) 1 (0.0010) 1 (0.0148) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.0157)
II Optic 24 (0.0665) 50 (0.1397) 45 (0.1792) 18 (0.0757) 2 (0.1259) 31 (0.1074) 32 (0.0772) 20 (0.0209) 3 (0.0443) 7 (0.0285) 9 (0.0779) 0 (0) 4 (0.0628)
III Oculomotor 39 (0.1081) 76 (0.2124) 44 (0.1752) 31 (0.1303) 0 (0) 28 (0.0970) 14 (0.0338) 6 (0.0063) 6 (0.0887) 12 (0.0489) 0 (0) 0 (0) 5 (0.0784)
IV Trochlear 7 (0.0194) 4 (0.0112) 2 (0.0080) 1 (0.0042) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.0024) 2 (0.0021) 0 (0) 1 (0.0041) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
V Trigeminal 2 (0.0055) 5 (0.0140) 3 (0.0119) 1 (0.0042) 0 (0) 3 (0.0104) 2 (0.0048) 1 (0.0010) 1 (0.0148) 3 (0.0122) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
VI Abducens 11 (0.0305) 7 (0.0196) 4 (0.0159) 9 (0.0379) 0 (0) 8 (0.0277) 7 (0.0169) 2 (0.0021) 1 (0.0148) 6 (0.0245) 1 (0.0087) 0 (0) 1 (0.0157)
VII Facial 19 (0.0526) 59 (0.1649) 55 (0.2190) 20 (0.0841) 2 (0.1259) 31 (0.1074) 36 (0.0869) 16 (0.0167) 3 (0.0443) 26 (0.1060) 10 (0.0865) 0 (0) 1 (0.0157)
VIII Auditory-vestibular 2 (0.0055) 3 (0.0084) 5 (0.0199) 2 (0.0084) 0 (0) 2 (0.0069) 1 (0.0024) 1 (0.0010) 0 (0) 1 (0.0041) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
IX Glossopharyngeal 1 (0.0028) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.0087) 0 (0) 0 (0)
X Vagus 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.0042) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
XI Spinal Accessory 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0(0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
XII Hypoglossal 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.0024) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Concomitant injury—AIS ≥ 3, n (%) Concomitant injury—AIS ≥ 2, n (%) Cause of trauma, n (%)
Head injury Face injury Head injury Face injury Accident Suicide Injury Occupational injury Others Unknown
n = 96,244 n = 2435 n = 110,464 n = 21,693 n = 292,793 n = 16,810 n = 4614 n = 19,044 n = 3659 n = 10,181
Cranial nerve injury
I Olfactory 14 (0.0145) 0 (0) 16 (0.0145) 3 (0.0138) 14 (0.0048) 1 (0.0059) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.0098)
II Optic 212 (0.2203) 20 (0.8214) 245 (0.2218) 148 (0.6822) 205 (0.0700) 10 (0.0595) 2 (0.0433) 21 (0.1103) 1 (0.0273) 6 (0.0589)
III Oculomotor 212 (0.2203) 21 (0.8624) 261 (0.2363) 96 (0.4425) 233 (0.0796) 7 (0.0416) 5 (0.1084) 11 (0.0578) 1 (0.0273) 4 (0.0393)
IV Trochlear 14 (0.0145) 1 (0.0411) 18 (0.0163) 4 (0.0184) 17 (0.0058) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.0053) 0 (0) 0 (0)
V Trigeminal 13 (0.0135) 3 (0.1232) 21 (0.0190) 14 (0.0645) 18 (0.0061) 2 (0.0119) 0 (0) 1 (0.0053) 0 (0) 0 (0)
VI Abducens 50 (0.0520) 2 (0.0821) 57 (0.0462) 21 (0.0968) 45 (0.0154) 1 (0.0059) 1 (0.0217) 10 (0.0525) 0 (0) 0 (0)
VII Facial 230 (0.2390) 15 (0.6160) 278 (0.2517) 78 (0.3596) 227 (0.0775) 6 (0.0357) 4 (0.0867) 37 (0.1943) 1 (0.0273) 3 (0.0295)
VIII Auditory-vestibular 16 (0.0166) 0 (0) 17 (0.0154) 4 (0.0184) 15(0.0051) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.0053) 0 (0) 1 (0.0098)
IX Glossopharyngeal 1 (0.0010) 0 (0) 2 (0.0018) 0 (0) 1 (0.0003) 1 (0.0059) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
X Vagus 1 (0.0010) 0 (0) 1 (0.0009) 0 (0) 1 (0.0003) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
XI Spinal Accessory 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
XII Hypoglossal 1 (0.0010) 0 (0) 1 (0.0009) 0 (0) 1 (0.0003) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale.