. 2022 Aug 18;11(16):4837. doi: 10.3390/jcm11164837

Table 1.

General characteristics of studies included in the present systematic review.

First Author, Year	Design	Patients, No	Age, Median/Mean ± SD	Setting	Methods	Outcomes	Follow-Up
Ott et al., 2015 [23]	Observational, prospective, single-center	63	56.5 ± 11 (low cPP)	Patients with TRH (office BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg and 24 h ABP ≥ 130/80 mmHg despite treatment with at least 3 AHT drugs, including a diuretic) and eGFR ≥ 15 mL/min/1.73 m².	Baseline cPP was measured using SphygmoCor. Patients were stratified according to median cPP: low cPP (below 55 mmHg) and high cPP (above 55 mmHg). RDN—radiofrequency technique.	(a) Office and 24 h systolic and diastolic BP reduction after RDN. (b) Renal function.	6 months
Ott et al., 2015 [23]	Observational, prospective, single-center	63	66.1 ± 8.0 (high cPP)				6 months
Okon et al., 2016 [24]	Observational, single-center	58	60.41 ± 10.3 (responders)	Patients with resistant hypertension (24 h ABP: mean daytime systolic BP ≥ 135 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg, despite treatment with at least 3 AHT drugs, including a diuretic. Patients with eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m² were excluded.	PWV was measured invasively. RDN response was defined as reduction with ≥5 mmHg in systolic daytime BP (24 h ABPM). RDN—radiofrequency technique.	Daytime, night-time, and 24 h BP reduction after RDN.	6 months
Okon et al., 2016 [24]	Observational, single-center	58	63.1 ± 9.0 (non-responders)			Daytime, night-time, and 24 h BP reduction after RDN.	6 months
Fengler et al., 2017 [25]	Observational, prospective, single-center	109	60.4 ± 9.0 (combined hypertension)	Patients with resistant hypertension, defined as mean daytime systolic BP > 135 mmHg or diastolic BP > 90 mmHg in ABPM despite treatment with at least 3 AHT drugs, including 1 diuretic unless intolerant.	PWV was measured invasively immediately before renal denervation. Response to RDN was defined as a drop ≥ 5 mmHg in ABPM daytime systolic BP after 3 months. RDN—radiofrequency and ultrasound techniques.	(a) BP reduction after RDN at 3 months. (b) BP response in relation to PWV tertiles.	3 months
Fengler et al., 2017 [25]	Observational, prospective, single-center	109	66.5 ± 9.8 (isolated systolic hypertension)				3 months
Fengler et al., 2018 [26]	Observational, single-center, study sub-analysis	32	64.5 ± 9.9	Patients treated for resistant hypertension, defined as mean daytime systolic ≥135 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg in ABPM, despite intake of at least 3 AHT drugs, including a diuretic. Patients with eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m² were excluded.	Arterial stiffness measured using MRI (ascending aortic distensibility, total arterial compliance, systemic vascular resistance) versus invasive PWV. Response to RDN was defined as a drop ≥5 mmHg in ABPM daytime systolic BP after 3 months. RDN—radiofrequency technique.	(a) BP reduction after RDN using ABPM. (b) Invasive and non-invasive parameters of arterial stiffness as predictors for the response after RDN.	3 months
Fengler et al., 2022 [16]	Observational, prospective, single-center	79	62.6 ± 8.8	Patients with resistant hypertension defined as systolic daytime BP > 135 mmHg, despite treatment with 3 or more different classes of AHT drugs, including one diuretic, unless intolerant to diuretics.	Arterial stiffness was measured invasively (PWV) or non-invasively (CMR-derived ascending aortic distensibility, PWV, and total arterial compliance). Response to RDN was defined as a drop ≥ 5 mmHg in ABPM daytime systolic BP after 3 months. RDN—ultrasound and radiofrequency (in validation cohort) techniques.	(a) Change in systolic daytime BP on ABPM at 3 months in different arterial stiffness subgroups. (b) RDN response predicting power of non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters compared to invasive PWV measurement.	3 months
Fengler et al., 2018 [27]	Observational, retrospective, single-center	190	62.2 ± 9.9	Patients with TRH defined as office systolic BP > 160 mmHg and 24 h BP > 135/90 mmHg, despite treatment with 3 or more classes of AHT drugs, including one diuretic, unless intolerant to diuretics.	PWV measured invasively and non-invasive pulse pressure. Response to RDN was defined as a drop ≥ 5 mmHg in ABPM daytime average BP after 3 months. The profound response was defined as a drop ≥ 20 mmHg in ABPM daytime average BP. RDN—radiofrequency and ultrasound techniques.	Change in BP on ABPM, including a profound response, in relation to arterial stiffness.	3 months
Peters et al., 2017 [28]	Substudy of a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind trial	53	59 ± 9 (sham)	Patients with therapy-resistant hypertension, with daytime ABPM systolic >145 mmHg and 1 month of stable treatment with at least 3 AHT drugs, including a diuretic. Patients with eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m² were excluded.	Carotid-femoral PWV was measured non-invasively at baseline and after 6 months (SphygmoCor). RDN—radiofrequency technique.	Changes in 24 h AMBP and PWV after RDN.	6 months
Peters et al., 2017 [28]		53	54 ± 8 (RDN)			Changes in 24 h AMBP and PWV after RDN.	6 months
Sata et al., 2018 [29]	Observational, retrospective	111	63.2 ± 10.3	Patients with resistant hypertension are defined as having office BP > 140/90 mmHg, despite prescribed treatment with three or more AHT drugs.	The ambulatory arterial stiffness index was derived from 24 h ABPM monitoring. Response to RDN was defined as a reduction of 5% in systolic BP on ABPM. RDN—radiofrequency technique.	(a) Reduction in systolic BP on ABPM after 6 months from RDN. (b) The predictive value of RDN response attributed to ambulatory arterial stiffness index.	12 months
Stoiber et al., 2018 [30]	Observational, prospective, multicenter	58	64.4 ± 9.6	Resistant hypertension was defined as office systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or mean ambulatory 24 h systolic BP > 135 mmHg despite using≥ 3 AHT drugs, including a diuretic.	Aortic distensibility was derived from MRI. Response to RDN was defined as reduction with at least 10 mmHg in systolic BP. RDN—radiofrequency technique.	(a) Office systolic and diastolic BP at 6 months after RDN in relation to aortic distensibility. (b) Aortic distensibility response to RDN.	6 months
Weber et al., 2022 [31]	A post hoc analysis of a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial	222	53.0 ± 11.0 (RDN)	Patients with average systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and <170 mmHg on 24 h ABPM, office systolic BP ≥ 150 mmHg and <180 mmHg, and office diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg.	Augmentation index, augmentation pressure, backward and forward wave amplitude, estimated aortic PWV, measured non-invasively. RDN—radiofrequency technique.	Predictive value of RDN response in relation to non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters.	3 months
Weber et al., 2022 [31]		222	51.6 ± 11.0 (sham)				3 months

ABPM = ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; AHT = antihypertensive; BP = blood pressure; cPP = central pulse pressure; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; PWV = pulse wave velocity; RDN = renal denervation; TRH = treatment resistant hypertension.