Table 5.
Parameters | Normal Blood Pressure Response According to Systolic Blood Pressure/MET Slope (≤6.2 mmHg/MET) (n = 386; 60.4%) | Exaggerated Blood Pressure Response According to Systolic Blood Pressure/MET Slope (>6.2 mmHg/MET) (n = 253; 39.6%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (in years) | 18.0 (15.0/22.0) | 24.0 (18.0/36.5) | <0.001 |
Female sex | 139 (36.0%) | 80 (31.6%) | 0.253 |
Body height (cm) | 175.0 (168.0/182.0) | 178.0 (170.0/184.0) | 0.014 |
Body weight (kg) | 66.8 (58.0/77.7) | 76.0 (66.0/85.9) | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.7 (20.2/24.0) | 23.8 (22.3/26.0) | <0.001 |
Body fat (%) | 12.4 (8.2/16.6) | 12.2 (9.2/17.1) | 0.003 |
Leading athletes at a regional or national level | 295 (76.4%) | 135 (53.4%) | <0.001 |
Training years | 7.0 (5.0/10.0) | 10.0 (5.0/14.0) | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular risk factors | |||
Nicotine abuse | 8 (2.1%) | 18 (7.1%) | 0.003 |
Obesity | 1 (0.3%) | 9 (3.6%) | 0.001 |
Blood pressure values | |||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.0 (110.0/125.0) | 120.0 (110.0/125.0) | 0.908 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.0 (60.0/75.0) | 70.0 (65.0/80.0) | 0.003 |
Maximum systolic blood pressure during exercise (mmHg) | 170.0 (155.0/180.0) | 210.0 (190.0/220.0) | <0.001 |
Maximum diastolic blood pressure during exercise (mmHg) | 70.0 (65.0/80.0) | 80.0 (70.0/80.0) | <0.001 |
Exercise parameters | |||
VO2 maximum during exercise | 47.5 (42.1/51.5) | 41.9 (36.2/47.0) | <0.001 |
Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) |
1.15 (1.10/1.19) | 1.15 (1.11/1.21) | 0.037 |
Maximum lactate value | 9.36 (7.67/11.24) | 9.51 (7.89/11.24) | 0.533 |
Echocardiographic parameters | |||
Left ventricular hypertrophy | 64 (16.6%) | 75 (29.6%) | <0.001 |
Left ventricular mass | 163.6 (132.3/199.3) | 188.1 (153.4/220.6) | <0.001 |
Aortic valve regurgitation | 20 (5.2%) | 22 (8.7%) | 0.080 |
Mitral valve regurgitation | 203 (52.6%) | 169 (66.8%) | <0.001 |
Tricuspid valve regurgitation | 46 (12.0%) | 51 (20.2%) | 0.010 |
Pulmonary valve regurgitation | 34 (8.8%) | 25 (9.9%) | 0.647 |
Heart volume in total (mL) | 772.0 (639.0/908.5) | 896.4 (732.9/1000.0) | <0.001 |
Heart volume related to body weight (mL/kg) | 11.4 (10.2/12.4) | 11.4 (10.2/12.3) | 0.803 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 65.0 (62.0/69.0) | 66.0 (63.0/69.0) | 0.041 |
Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (cm) | 50.0 (46.0/53.0) | 51.0 (47.0/54.0) | <0.001 |
Left atrial area (cm2) | 13.5 (11.0/15.3) | 14.9 (12.6/17.4) | <0.001 |
Right atrial area (cm2) | 13.3 (11.1/15.5) | 14.9 (12.8/17.9) | <0.001 |
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE, cm) | 2.40 (2.20/2.70) | 2.60 (2.40/2.90) | <0.001 |
Systolic pulmonary artery pulmonary pressure (mmHg) | 20.0 (16.5/23.0) | 21.5 (18.0/24.0) | 0.002 |
E/A quotient | 2.5 (1.9/3.4) | 2.4 (1.6/3.6) | 0.111 |
E/E’ quotient | 4.7 (4.0/5.7) | 4.9 (4.1/5.9) | 0.193 |