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Lithium-ion battery for EVs: cell configuration with cylindrical anodes and cathodes (a) or flat ones sandwiched together (b), with an electrolyte filling the space between [53]; (c) Lucid Air battery module composed of cylindrical cells [52]; (d) production structure of the LIB industry, from raw materials to final applications [53]; (e) global demand for LIB with a 2025–2030 prediction (based on various sources).
