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. 2022 Aug 15;18(8):e1010543. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010543

Fig 7. Model scheme showing how Bro1-domain proteins HD-PTP and ALIX could function non-redundantly in nonlytic hepatovirus release from infected hepatocytes.

Fig 7

(i) Assembly of membrane-associated capsids decorated on their surface with 60 copies of pX. (ii) pX recruits both ALIX and HD-PTP to capsids. (iii) HD-PTP and ALIX act coordinately to recruit STAM2 (ESCRT-0) and CHMP4, scaffolding assembly of an ESCRT-III complex that facilitates inward budding of the capsid on an endosome and mediates abscission of the membrane leading to formation of a multivesicular endosome (MVE). (iv) Upon membrane abscission, VPS4 mediates disassembly of ESCRT-III, regulated in part by IST1, VTA1 and HD-PTP. (v) MVEs traffic to the apical plasma membrane of the hepatocyte where membrane fusion releases quasi-enveloped eHAV into the biliary canaliculus. (vi) Bile salts degrade the eHAV membrane resulting in naked nHAV particles being released from the biliary tract into the small intestine [10].