(a) Representative reconstructions of interior RyR clusters based on 3D dSTORM in isolated rat cardiomyocytes (clusters were cropped from a region measuring 5 x 8 x 0.6 μm). Control conditions are compared with isoproterenol treatment (100 nM) of varying duration (10, 30, and 60 min). The insets depict single Ca2+ release units (CRUs), which encompass RyR clusters with edge-to-edge distances ≤ 100 nm. (b–d) Quantification of the dSTORM data revealed progressive dispersion of RyR clusters during isoproterenol treatment, as indicated by measurements of RyR cluster size, CRU size, and cluster density. (e) RyR density was unchanged (control: ncells = 50, nhearts = 6; Iso 10: ncells = 21, nhearts = 3; Iso 30: ncells = 43, nhearts = 4; Iso 60: ncells = 37, nhearts = 5). (f) Correlative imaging of the t-tubular network (confocal microscopy) and RyRs (dSTORM) was employed to create 3D reconstructions of dyadic and non-dyadic CRUs (t-tubules: blue; RyRs: orange). Scale bars: 250 nm. (g) Similar proportions of clusters were characterized as dyadic under control conditions and following 60 min isoproterenol. (h) Cluster size measurements indicated that dispersion during isoproterenol occurred exclusively within dyads (control: ncells = 20, nhearts = 3; Iso 60: ncells = 21, nhearts = 3). The bar charts present mean measurements ± SEM, with superimposed data points representing averaged values from each cardiomyocyte. Statistical significance (p<0.05) between groups is indicated by a comparison bar.