Scales |
Lutjanus sp. |
Chitin and chitosan |
Polysaccharide-based secondary metabolites |
Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antihypertension |
[130, 133] |
Skin, bones, and scales |
Epinephelus sexfasciatu, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Pristipomoides typus, Thunnus albacares |
Gelatin |
Protein-based secondary metabolites |
Antioxidant activity |
[130, 150, 151] |
Ground skin |
Rastrelliger kanagurta |
EPA and DHA |
Lipid-derived secondary metabolites |
Anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic |
[130, 152] |
Head |
Thunnus tonggol, Echinorhinus brucus |
DHA, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids |
Lipid-derived secondary metabolites |
Anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic |
[130, 138, 139] |
Belly part, trimmed muscle, frame bone, and skin |
Salmo salar |
Oil |
Lipid-based secondary metabolites |
Free radical scavenging activity |
[130, 153] |
Skin |
Gadus macrocephalus |
Gelatin |
Protein-based secondary metabolites |
Antioxidant activity |
[154] |
Skin |
Johnius belengerii |
Peptide |
Protein-based secondary metabolites |
Antioxidant activity |
[155] |
Skin |
Rachycentron canadum |
Gelatin derivate |
Protein-based secondary metabolites |
Antioxidant activity |
[156] |
Entrails, head, and backbones |
Gadus morhua |
Hydrolyzed proteins |
Protein-derived secondary metabolites |
Antioxidant activity |
[157] |
Skin |
Theragra chalcogramma |
Peptides |
Protein-based secondary metabolites |
Antioxidant activity |
[158] |
Gill and intestine |
Morone saxatilis (stripped bass) |
Peptide (Sb Piscidin 6) |
Protein-based secondary metabolites |
Antimicrobial |
[137, 140] |
Skin |
Pterois volitans (lionfish) |
Peptide (pteroicidin-α (-CONH2)) |
Protein-based secondary metabolites |
Antimicrobial |
[136, 137] |
Scale |
Oreochromis sp. |
Collagen |
Polysaccharide-based secondary metabolites |
Tissue-engineered oral mucosa |
[131, 132] |
Cartilage |
Prionace glauca, Zeachara chilensis, Bathyraja brachyurops |
Collagen |
Polysaccharides-based secondary metabolites |
Bioscaffold |
[141] |
Skin |
Paralichthys olivaceus |
Collagen/polycaprolactone |
Polysaccharides-based secondary metabolites |
Bone regeneration |
[131] |
Scale |
Ctenopharyngodon idella |
Collagen |
Polysaccharides-based secondary metabolites |
Wound healing |
[134] |
Scale |
Anabas testudineus |
Chitosan |
Polysaccharides-based secondary metabolites |
Coagulation-flocculation treatment for iron removal |
[135] |