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. 2022 Aug 5;2022:3661866. doi: 10.1155/2022/3661866

Table 4.

Fish by-products as important source of nutraceuticals and functional foods.

By-product Fish species Functional product Type of nutrient involved Pharmacological activity References
Scales Lutjanus sp. Chitin and chitosan Polysaccharide-based secondary metabolites Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antihypertension [130, 133]
Skin, bones, and scales Epinephelus sexfasciatu, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Pristipomoides typus, Thunnus albacares Gelatin Protein-based secondary metabolites Antioxidant activity [130, 150, 151]
Ground skin Rastrelliger kanagurta EPA and DHA Lipid-derived secondary metabolites Anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic [130, 152]
Head Thunnus tonggol, Echinorhinus brucus DHA, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids Lipid-derived secondary metabolites Anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic [130, 138, 139]
Belly part, trimmed muscle, frame bone, and skin Salmo salar Oil Lipid-based secondary metabolites Free radical scavenging activity [130, 153]
Skin Gadus macrocephalus Gelatin Protein-based secondary metabolites Antioxidant activity [154]
Skin Johnius belengerii Peptide Protein-based secondary metabolites Antioxidant activity [155]
Skin Rachycentron canadum Gelatin derivate Protein-based secondary metabolites Antioxidant activity [156]
Entrails, head, and backbones Gadus morhua Hydrolyzed proteins Protein-derived secondary metabolites Antioxidant activity [157]
Skin Theragra chalcogramma Peptides Protein-based secondary metabolites Antioxidant activity [158]
Gill and intestine Morone saxatilis (stripped bass) Peptide (Sb Piscidin 6) Protein-based secondary metabolites Antimicrobial [137, 140]
Skin Pterois volitans (lionfish) Peptide (pteroicidin-α (-CONH2)) Protein-based secondary metabolites Antimicrobial [136, 137]
Scale Oreochromis sp. Collagen Polysaccharide-based secondary metabolites Tissue-engineered oral mucosa [131, 132]
Cartilage Prionace glauca, Zeachara chilensis, Bathyraja brachyurops Collagen Polysaccharides-based secondary metabolites Bioscaffold [141]
Skin Paralichthys olivaceus Collagen/polycaprolactone Polysaccharides-based secondary metabolites Bone regeneration [131]
Scale Ctenopharyngodon idella Collagen Polysaccharides-based secondary metabolites Wound healing [134]
Scale Anabas testudineus Chitosan Polysaccharides-based secondary metabolites Coagulation-flocculation treatment for iron removal [135]