Fig. 3.

daCO-DM modified 3D-printed modules promoted BMSCs osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. (a,b) AP staining and AP biochemical activity assays of BMSCs on DM-modified modules after culturing in basal medium for 7 and 14 days, respectively. (c) Gene expressions of Alpl, Runx2, Col1a1, and Bglap after 7 and 14 days of culture, respectively. (d) Alizarin red S stained calcium mineral nodules deposited by BMSCs on BMSC-DM, WTO-DM and daCO-DM modified modules for 14 days culture in osteogenesis induction medium respectively. (e) Mineralization quantification were measured at day 21. DM, decellularized matrix; BMSC, bone marrow stromal cell; WTO, wild-type osteocyte; daCO, osteocyte with dominant active β-catenin. Images and data are representative of n = 3 individual experiments. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 v.s. BMSC-DM, ^#p < 0.05 v.s. WTO-DM by one way ANOVA.