Fig. 6.

Effect of daCO-DM modified 3D-printed module on osteoclastogenesis. (a,b) At 4 and 8 weeks, static histological analysis (TRAP staining) on the surface of osteoclasts was performed after the implantation of modules. The red part is osteoclast positive, and the right figure is the enlarged image. Scale bars 50 μm and 20 μm. (c) 4 weeks and 8 weeks quantitative analysis: osteoclast surface per tissue area (Oc.S/T.Ar). (d) Gene expressions of RANKL and MCSF after 14 days of BMSCs culturing on DM modifed scaffolds ex vivo. (e) TRAP staining for BMMs cultured in DM modified scaffolds. DM, decellularized matrix; none-DM, PCL; BMSC, bone marrow stromal cell; WTO, wild-type osteocytes; daCO, osteocyte with dominant active β-catenin. ND means not detected. Sections with newly formed bone were measured for each mouse and 5 mice were analyzed for each group. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 v.s. none-DM;^#p < 0.05 v.s. BMSC-DM, ^$p < 0.05 v.s. WTO-DM by one way ANOVA.