Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Survey Participants by Trial Group
|
Participants N(%) |
||
|---|---|---|
| Characteristic |
Intervention pharmacies (n=163) |
Usual care pharmacies (n=162) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 56.3 (10.9) | 59.8 (9.9) |
| Female | 77 (47.2) | 97 (59.9) |
| Race/ethnicity* | ||
| Hispanic | 58 (35.6) | 91 (56.2) |
| White, non-Hispanic | 61 (37.4) | 40 (24.7) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 34 (20.9) | 20 (12.4) |
| All other racial and ethnic groups | 8 (4.9) | 6 (3.7) |
| Missing | 2 (1.2) | 5 (3.1) |
| Education* | ||
| Less than high school | 32 (19.6) | 48 (29.6) |
| Completed high school | 50 (30.7) | 45 (27.8) |
| Attended some college | 46 (28.2) | 48 (29.6) |
| Completed college or a higher degree | 27 (16.6) | 18 (11.1) |
| Missing | 8 (4.9) | 3 (1.9) |
| Annual household income, US dollars* | ||
| Less than 10,000 | 57 (35.0) | 66 (40.7) |
| 10,000 – 19,999 | 51 (31.3) | 57 (35.2) |
| 20,000 or more | 37 (22.7) | 21 (13.0) |
| Missing | 18 (11.0) | 18 (11.1) |
| Live in their own house/apartment* | 127 (77.9) | 120 (74.1) |
| Insurance | ||
| Commercial | 25 (15.3) | 23 (14.2) |
| Medicaid | 81 (49.7) | 73 (45.1) |
| Medicare | 39 (23.9) | 47 (29.0) |
| Uninsured | 18 (11.0) | 19 (11.7) |
| Modified Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR)† | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 1.0 (0–3.0) |
| Opioid use disorder† | 40 (24.5) | 25 (15.4) |
| Alcohol use disorder† | 7 (4.3) | 12 (7.4) |
| Tobacco use or nicotine use disorder† | 71 (43.6) | 83 (51.2) |
| Prior naloxone receipt‡ | 27 (16.6) | 51 (31.5) |
| Average daily opioid dose, median morphine milligram equivalents (IQR)§ | 29.7 (17.0–55.8) | 35.7 (18.9–59.2) |
| Any opioid risk behavior (ORBIT)* | 83/162 (51.2) | 72/154 (46.8) |
| Hazardous drinking (AUDIT-C)* | 13/160 (8.1) | 14/157 (8.9) |
| Reported tobacco use* | 83/161 (51.6) | 83/162 (51.2) |
| Substance use (ASSIST)* | ||
| Cannabis | 69/162 (42.6) | 54/162 (33.3) |
| Other drugs|| | 3/163 (1.8) | 5/162 (3.1) |
| Non-medical sedatives | 30/160 (18.8) | 29/162 (17.9) |
| Knowledge (Rx-OOKS), mean (SD)* | 11.5 (4.7) | 11.3 (4.1) |
Abbreviations: ORBITopioid-related behaviors in treatment modified to refer to past 4 months; AUDIT-C Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Concise; NIDA-modified ASSIST National Institute on Drug Abuse–modified Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test modified to refer to past 4 months; Rx-OOKS Prescription Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale
* Assessed using survey measures; when denominators are indicated, the denominator is those who completed that baseline measure; Ethnicity was reported as “Hispanic, Latino/a, or Spanish origin”
† Assessed in the year prior to study enrollment
‡ Assessed using survey measure (past 4 months) and dispensing (past year)
§ Assessed in the 6 months prior to study enrollment
|| Other drugs include heroin, other illicit opioids, cocaine, methamphetamine, inhalants, and hallucinogens