Table 1.

Potential therapeutic targets of DKD

Target	Medication	Current clinical trial result	Reference
Mineralocorticoid receptor	Finerenone	Effective	Bakris et al. (2019)
SGLT2	Dapagliflozin	Effective	Mosenzon et al. (2019)
GLP-1	Liraglutide	Effective	Thornton et al. (2017)
DPP-4	Linagliptin	Effective	Perkovic et al. (2020)
AGEs	Pyridorin	Ineffective	Lewis et al. (2012)
Vascular adhesion protein-1	ASP8232	Effective	Dick de Zeeuw et al. 2018)
Nuclear 1 factor (erythroid-derived 2)–related factor 2	Bardoxolone methyl	Ineffective	de Zeeuw et al. (2013)
Janus kinase	Baricitinib	Effective	Tuttle et al. (2018)
Vitamin D receptor	Paricalcitol	Effective	Dick de Zeeuw et al. (2010)
Methylxanthine phosphodiesterase	Pentoxifylline	Effective	Shan et al. (2012)
Endothelin receptor	Atrasentan	Effective	Heerspink et al. (2019)
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1	Selonsertib	Effective	Chertow et al. (2019)
C–C chemokine receptor type 2	CCX140-B	Effective	Dick de Zeeuw et al. (2015)
TGF-β1, TNF-α, NF-κB	Tocotrienol-rich vitamin E	Effective	Koay et al. (2021)
miRNA		Unproved	Jiang et al. (2020) Cheng et al. (2020) Kölling et al. (2017)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress		Unproved	Xiong et al. (2020)
Caveolin-1		Unproved	Van Krieken and Krepinsky (2017)
Complement		Unproved	Tang et al. (2020a) Ling Li et al. (2015) Li et al. (2014)