Table 1.

DAMPs receptors, associated DAMPs, expression pattern and their effects related to AP.

DAMP receptors	DAMPs	Expression pattern	Main effect	Refs
TLR		Ubiquitous, high in immune cells	Promote the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, thus upregulate the production of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules.	(Yu et al., 2010; Lin et al., 2011; Vidya et al., 2018; Gong et al., 2020)
TLR2	HMGB1, HSP60, HSP70, histone
TLR4	HMGB1, HSP22, HSP60, HSP70, HSP72, histone
TLR9	DNA, HMGB1
NLRP3	ATP	DCs, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages	Promote the activation of caspase-1. Increase the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. Initiate pyroptosis.	(Sutterwala et al., 2006; Jin and Flavell, 2010; Mangan et al., 2018; Gong et al., 2020)
RAGE	HMGB1	Ubiquitous, high in T cells, B cells, and macrophages	Promote the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Mediate cell migrationand apoptosis.	(Chuah et al., 2013; Hudson and Lippman, 2018; Gong et al., 2020)
P2X7R (G protein-coupled receptor)	ATP	Ubiquitous	Promote the release of cytokine and chemokine, the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, transcription factor and T cells.	(Di Virgilio et al., 2017b; Adinolfi et al., 2018; Martínez-García et al., 2019; Gong et al., 2020)
P2Y2R (ion channel)	ATP	Ubiquitous, high in immune cells, epithelial and endothelial cells	Promote the migration, and activation of immune cells. Control iron channels.	(Xu et al., 2018; Gong et al., 2020)