Table 4.

Average difference in ODI values before/after the each interventions.

	Pre	Post	Amount of change	p value	Effect size (d)	95% CI
	M (SD)	M (SD)
Early-chronic
Controls	38.39(7.63)	39.28(6.80)	0.39	0.47	0.19
CBTs	38.8 (9.66)	32.7 (12.95)	− 6.11	0.04*	0.54	− 7.10 to − 5.11
PTs	34.8 (10.70)	29.0 (12.14)	− 5.89	0.00**	0.52	− 7.12 to − 4.65
NFTs	33.3 (9.03)	33.6 (9.57)	0.28	0.82	0.03
CBT-NFTs	39.8 (8.44)	28.0 (11.11)	− 11.83	0.00**	1.21	− 13.81 to − 9.84
PT-NFTs	34.4 (10.20)	27.1 (8.75)	− 7.27	0.00**	0.80	− 8.22 to − 6.31
Late-chronic
Controls	40.6 (8.78)	42.4 (7.07)	1.83	0.61	0.23
CBTs	37.8 (9.82)	34.1 (10.16)	− 3.78	0.04**	0.33	− 4.54 to − 3.01
PTs	36.9 (9.70)	33.0 (7.98)	− 3.94	0.02**	0.44	− 4.75 to − 3.12
NFTs	38.2 (7.09)	36.1 (7.86)	− 2.17	0.27	0.28
CBT-NFTs	41.9 (8.25)	38.7 (7.18)	− 3.22	0.02*	0.68	− 4.21 to − 2.22
PT-NFTs	35.1 (9.22)	29.8 (7.61)	− 5.22	0.00**	0.62	− 6.81 to − 3.11

Significant values are in [bold].

*p < 0.05.

**p < 0.01.