TABLE 5.
Natural products that reduce TMAO level.
| Natural compounds | Results | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resveratrol (RSV) | Decreased TMAO and increased hepatic bile acid (BA) | RSV remodels the gut microbiota | Chen et al. (2016a) |
| Berberine (BBR) | Decreased the relative ratio of TMA to TMAO | BBR alteres the gut microbiota composition, microbiome functionality, and cutC/cntA gene abundance | Li et al. (2021) |
| Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) | Decreased TMAO and increased phosphatidylcholine | GP has an inhibitory effect on the pathway of phosphatidylcholine to TMAO | Wang et al. (2013) |
| Allicin | Decreased TMAO | Allicin altered the gut microbiota composition | Wu et al. (2015) |
| Fructus ligustri lucidi (FLL) | Decreased FMO3 expression and TMAO | FLL regulate the gut microbiota | Li et al. (2019a) |
| Black raspberry (BR) extract | Decreased TMA in cecal and TMAO in serum | Polyphenols in BR extract enable to reduce the level of TMA in the cecum by regulating the gut microbiota | Lim et al. (2020) |
| Nobiletin | Nobiletin reduced TMAO-induced vascular inflammation | Nobiletin inhibits of the NF-κB/MAPK pathways | Yang et al. (2019) |
| Black beans (BB) | Decreased FMO3 expression and TMAO | BB modificate the gut microbiota | Sanchez-Tapia et al. (2020) |