TABLE 3.
Associations of baseline characteristics, comorbidities and adverse events (AEs) with in-hospital mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism and confirmed COVID-19 infection (n=3362; 964 died during in-hospital stay (28.7%)): univariable and multivariable logistic regression models
| Univariate | Multivariate# | |||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age ≥70 years | 2.137 (1.832–2.494) | <0.001* | 2.039 (1.760–2.490) | <0.001* |
| Female | 0.761 (0.651–0.890) | 0.001* | 0.594 (0.499–0.707) | <0.001* |
| Obesity | 1.322 (1.028–1.700) | 0.030* | 1.633 (1.238–2.156) | 0.001* |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 1.605 (1.284–2.007) | <0.001* | 0.929 (0.720–1.198) | 0.570 |
| Cancer | 1.558 (1.172–2.073) | 0.002* | 1.541 (1.140–2.083) | 0.005* |
| Peripheral artery disease | 2.557 (1.664–3.929) | <0.001* | 1.465 (0.918–2.340) | 0.110 |
| Heart failure | 2.501 (2.100–2.978) | <0.001* | 1.840 (1.522–2.224) | <0.001* |
| COPD | 1.703 (1.271–2.283) | <0.001* | 1.278 (0.932–1.751) | 0.128 |
| Arterial hypertension | 0.859 (0.849–1.146) | 0.859 | 0.811 (0.688–0.957) | 0.013* |
| Renal insufficiency | 1.878 (1.493–2.362) | <0.001* | 1.147 (0.886–1.484) | 0.297 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.670 (1.416–1.969) | <0.001* | 1.420 (1.185–1.704) | <0.001* |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.824 (2.345–3.401) | <0.001* | 1.994 (1.634–2.432) | <0.001* |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.370 (1.327–1.414) | <0.001* | 1.210 (1.207–1.225) | <0.001* |
| Clinical presentation | ||||
| Right ventricular dysfunction | 2.735 (2.301–3.250) | <0.001* | 2.575 (2.129–3.115) | <0.001* |
| NYHA FC III | 1.400 (1.281–1.529) | <0.001* | 0.946 (0.832–1.077) | 0.403 |
| NYHA FC IV | 3.342 (2.473–4.516) | <0.001* | 1.593 (1.112–2.282) | 0.011* |
| Serious AEs through hospitalisation | ||||
| Stroke | 3.861 (2.691–5.540) | <0.001* | 3.444 (2.340–5.069) | <0.001* |
| Dialysis | 7.317 (5.644–9.487) | <0.001* | 7.994 (5.995–10.659) | <0.001* |
| Acute renal failure | 5.995 (5.043–7.126) | <0.001* | 5.785 (4.779–7.002) | <0.001* |
| ARDS | 4.201 (3.543–4.982) | <0.001* | 5.721 (4.666–7.016) | <0.001* |
| Mild ARDS | 0.165 (0.022–1.251) | 0.081 | 0.149 (0.019–1.195) | 0.073 |
| Moderate ARDS | 1.734 (1.254–2.397) | 0.001* | 1.701 (1.195–2.420) | 0.003* |
| Severe ARDS | 4.833 (4.004–5.834) | <0.001* | 6.448 (5.179–8.027) | <0.001* |
| MSCOVID | 20.383 (6.123–67.850) | <0.001* | 24.273 (7.039–83.696) | <0.001* |
| Post-COVID | 0.620 (0.207–1.860) | 0.394 | 0.999 (0.325–3.066) | 0.998 |
| Severe liver disease | 5.895 (4.261–8.155) | <0.001* | 5.658 (3.982–8.039) | <0.001* |
| ECMO | 6.740 (4.803–9.458) | <0.001* | 10.334 (7.107–15.027) | <0.001* |
| Pneumonia | 1.493 (1.197–1.862) | <0.001* | 1.698 (1.339–2.115) | <0.001* |
| Deep venous thrombosis | 0.541 (0.428–0.684) | <0.001* | 0.550 (0.429–0.706) | <0.001* |
| Intracerebral bleeding | 5.488 (2.831–10.641) | <0.001* | 5.531 (2.708–11.297) | <0.001* |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 2.239 (1.430–3.506) | <0.001* | 1.885 (1.170–3.039) | 0.009* |
| Admission to ICU | 3.052 (2.615–3.561) | <0.001* | 3.887 (3.238–4.666) | <0.001* |
| Mechanical ventilation | 2.452 (2.051–2.931) | <0.001* | 2.618 (2.142–3.199) | <0.001* |
| Transfusion of erythrocytes | 4.326 (3.608–5.187) | <0.001* | 4.365 (3.570–5.338) | <0.001* |
| Shock | 8.680 (6.957–10.829) | <0.001* | 10.658 (8.310–13.671) | <0.001* |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 19.003 (13.453–26.842) | <0.001* | 23.561 (16.286–34.085) | <0.001* |
NYHA FC: New York Heart Association Functional Class; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; MSCOVID: multisystem inflammatory syndrome COVID-19; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU: intensive care unit. #: adjusted for age, sex, cancer, coronary artery disease, heart failure, COPD, arterial hypertension, renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease and hyperlipidaemia. *: statistically significant at least in the multivariate regression model (p<0.05).