Table 3.

Between subject differences in pain, sleep quality and mental health based on utilisation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids and antidepressant medications.

Variable	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (M, SD)
F(5, 1167) = 1.93, p = .083, Pillai’s Trace = 0.008, n2 = 0.008
Variable	Opioids (M, SD)
F(5, 1167) = 23.83, p = <.001, Pillai’s Trace = 0.093, n2 = 0.093
	Yes (n = 547)	No (n = 629)	F(5, 1167)	p-value	n 2
Pain interference	6.87 (1.96)	5.95 (2.35)	48.801	<.001	0.04
Pain severity	5.96 (1.65)	5.1 (1.9)	62.016	<.001	0.05
Sleep quality	14.88 (4.45)	12.95 (3.94)	75.12	<.001	0.06
Depression	9.95 (4.47)	8.35 (4.32)	37.607	<.001	0.031
Anxiety	10.21 (4.92)	9.76 (4.8)	2.528	.112	0.002
Variable	Antidepressants (M, SD)
F(5, 1167) = 8.94, p = <0.001, Pillai’s Trace = 0.037, n2 = 0.037
	Yes (n = 394)	No (n = 782)	F(5, 1167)	p-value	n 2
Pain interference	6.76 (2.09)	6.18 (2.26)	17.217	<.001	0.014
Pain severity	5.74 (1.72)	5.37 (1.88)	9.62	<.001	0.008
Sleep quality	14.66 (3.62)	13.43 (3.88)	27.094	<.001	0.023
Depression	10.09 (4.47)	8.6 (4.38)	29.507	<.001	0.025
Anxiety	10.96 (4.86)	9.47 (4.78)	24.549	<.001	0.021