Table 1.
Anti-oral biofilm natural products and their molecular mechanisms.
| Plant extracts/ compounds | Mechanism | Target bacteria | Antibiofilm effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Propolis | Inhibiting SpaP and glycosyltransferases enzymes (GtfB, GtfC, GtfD) | S. mutans | Decreased adhesion rate and EPS production. | Veloz et al. (2016) |
| Curcumin | Inhibition of SrtA, Gbps, Gtfs, Ftfs gene expression. | S. mutans | Decreased biofilm viability: 84.059%. Decreased biofilm thickness and EPS production. | Li et al. (2020b) |
| Curcumin | Inhibition of SpaP, Gtfs, SrtA, ComCD, and LuxS gene expression. | S. mutans | Decreased EPS production and biofilm formation. | Li et al. (2018) |
| Curcumin | Inhibition of key adhesins (Als1 and Als3) gene expression, promotion of genes related to aggregation (Als5 and Aaf1). | C. albicans | Decreased biofilm formation, initial adhesion, and promotion of Candida albicans aggregation. | Alalwan et al. (2017) |
| Theaflavins | Inhibition of Gbps and Gtfs | S. mutans | Decreased virulence factors (adherence, acid production, and EPS production) and biofilm formation. | Kong et al. (2021) |
| Sodium new houttuyfonate | Inhibition of Gtfs, quorum sensing | S. mutans | Decreased biofilm formation, EPS production, and quorum sensing. (100 μg/ml). | Shui et al. (2021) |
| Sodium houttuyfonate | Inhibition of BdlA (biofilm dispersion regulator) and FliC (gene related to flagella-mediated swimming motility) gene expression and pyocyanin production. | P. aeruginosa | Decreased biofilm formation, virulence factors, and inhibition of biofilm dispersion. | Shao et al. (2013); Wang et al. (2019) |
| Sodium New Houttuyfonate | Inhibition of Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway related genes. | C. albicans | Decreased biofilm formation, adhesion, and change in the morphology of cells. | Wu et al. (2020) |
| EGCG | Inhibition of Gtfs, Ftfs gene expression. | S. mutans | Decreased biofilm viability:97% (4.4 mg/ml) and decreased EPS production. | Schneider-Rayman et al. (2021) |
| Green tea extract and EGCG | Inhibition of genes related to host colonization (FimA, HagA, HagB), tissue destruction (RgpA, Kgp), and heme acquisition (Hem). | P. gingivalis | Decreased biofilm initial adhesion and quorum sensing. | Fournier-Larente et al. (2016) |
| Tea extract/EGCG | Inhibition of H2S production. | F. nucleatum | Decreased biofilm formation, adhesion; inhibition of the growth and hemolysis and hydrogen sulfide production | Ben Lagha et al. (2017) |
| Water extract of Galla chinensis | Inhibition of IcaABD, YycFG gene expression and carbohydrate metabolic processes. | MRSA | Decreased biofilm formation and EPS production. | Wu et al. (2019) |
| Aloe-emodin | Inhibition of extracellular proteins and PIA production. | S. aureus | Decreased adherence, extracellular matrix production and biofilm formation. | Xiang et al. (2017) |
| Emodin | Inhibition of biofilm-related genes (DltB, SarA, SrtA, AgrA, IcaA, CidA). | S. aureus | Decreased biofilm formation and eDNA (importance to initial adherence) level. | Yan et al. (2017) |
| Baicalin | Inhibition of genes related to acid production (Idh), quorum sensing (ComX), and biofilm formation (FtsZ, GtfC, GbpB VicR, LuxS and BrpA) | S. mutans | Decreased acid production and biofilm formation. | Elango et al. (2021) |
| Baicalin | Inhibition of virulence-related gene expression and suppression of T3SS via PqsR of the PQS System | P. aeruginosa | Decreased virulence factors, especially T3SS. | Zhang et al. (2021a) |
| Berberine | Inhibition of SrtA and esp. gene expression. | E. faecalis | Decreased biofilm formation and promotion of biofilm dispersion. | Chen et al. (2016) |
| Berberine | Inhibition of the aggregation of PSMs into amyloid fibrils. | MRSA | Decreased biofilm formation and extracellular amyloid fibrils production. | Chu et al. (2016) |
| Allicin | Inhibition of Hwp1 gene expression. | C. albicans | Decreased biofilm formation. | Khodavandi et al. (2011) |
| Farnesol | Inhibition of the Ras1-Cdc35-PKA-Efg1 pathway | C. albicans | Decreased hypha formation. | Davis-Hanna et al. (2008) |
| Luteolin | Inhibition of Agr quorum sensing system | S. aureus | Decreased biofilm formation and initial adhesion. | Yuan et al. (2022) |
| Quercetin | Inhibition of quorum sensing system related gene expression (LasI, LasR, RhlI and RhlR) | P. aeruginosa | Decreased biofilm formation and virulence factors (pyocyanin, protease and elastase). | Ouyang et al. (2016) |
| Coumarin compound DCH | Competitively bind to the arginine repressor ArgR. | MRSA | Decreased biofilm formation. | Qu et al. (2020) |
| Rhodiola rosea | Inhibition of Gtfs gene expression and quorum sensing system. | S. mutans | Decreased biofilm formation and EPS production. | Zhang et al. (2020a) |
| Paeoniflorin | Inhibition of LuxS/AI-2 system. | S. suis | Decreased biofilm formation and EPS production. | Li et al. (2021) |
| Macaranga tanarius | Inhibition of hypha/biofilm-related genes (Ece1 and Hwp1) and reduction in cell aggregation. | C. albicans | Decreased biofilm formation. | Lee et al. (2019) |