Table 2.
Literature on sex differences in neuroimaging in Down syndrome.
| References |
Sample
(age in years) (Female/Male) |
Title | Source | Findings | Tau/Aβ | PET/MRI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bejanin et al. (2021) | 464 DS adults (age 34–50) (214 F/250 M) |
Association of apolipoprotein E ε4 allele with clinical and multimodal biomarker changes of Alzheimer disease in adults with Down syndrome | JAMA Neurol | Adjusted for sex (covariate) | Tau/Aβ | PET/MRI |
| Lao et al. (2020) | 138 DS adults (age 50 ± 7) (54 F/84 M) |
Alzheimer-Related Cerebrovascular Disease in Down Syndrome | Ann Neurol | APOE4 carrier men showed greater white matter hyperintensity volume compared to women; no differences observed in striatal amyloid | Aβ | PET/MRI |
| Tudorascu et al. (2020) | 135 DS adults, 21 non-DS adults (age 39.05 ± 8.4) (80 F/76 M) |
Relationship of amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tau deposition in Neurodegeneration in Aging Down Syndrome (NiAD) study at baseline | Alzheimer Dement (NY) | Adjusted for sex (covariate) | Tau/Aβ | PET/MRI |
| Cody et al. (2020) | 47 DS adults (age 26–56) (24 F/23 M) | Association of Sleep with Cognition and β-Amyloid Accumulation in Adults with Down Syndrome | Neurobiol Aging | No sex comparison performed | Aβ | PET/MRI |
| Keator et al. (2020) | 79 DS adults (age 40–64) (26 F/53 M) |
Down syndrome: Distribution of brain amyloid in mild cognitive impairment | Alzheimers Dement (Amst) | Small sample size of females, unable to evaluate sex differences | Aβ | PET/MRI |
| Hartley et al. (2020) | 118 DS adults (age 37.24 ± 7.70) (61 F/57 M) |
Cognitive indicators of transition to preclinical and prodromal stages of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome | Alzheimers Dement (Amst) | Rate of cognitive decline did not differ by biological sex | Aβ | PET/MRI |
| Cole et al. (2017) | 46 DS adults (age 28–65) (21 F/25 M) |
Brain-predicted age in Down syndrome is associated with beta amyloid deposition and cognitive decline | Neurobiol Aging | No association between sex and PiB status | Aβ | PET/MRI |
| Lao et al. (2016) | 72 DS adults (age 30–53) (34 F/38 M) |
The effects of normal aging on amyloid-β deposition in non-demented adults with Down syndrome as imaged by [11C]PiB | Alzheimers Dement | No significant differences in Aβ deposition observed between sexes | Aβ | PET/MRI |
| Handen et al. (2012) | 8 DS adults (age 20–44) (2 F/6 M) |
Imaging brain amyloid in non-demented young adults with Down syndrome using Pittsburgh compound B | Alzheimers Dement | Underpowered for sex comparison | Aβ | PET/MRI |
| Landt et al. (2011) | 9 DS adults (age 25–64) (4 F/5 M) |
Using positron emission tomography and carbon 11–labeled pittsburgh compound B to image brain fibrillar β-amyloid in adults with Down syndrome | JAMA Neurology | Underpowered for sex comparison | Aβ | PET/MRI |