Table 3.
Literature on sex differences in Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in Down syndrome.
| References |
Sample
(age in years) (female/male) |
Title | Source | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pentz et al. (2021) | 36 DS adults; 16 non-DS adults (non-AD DS: 39.9 ± 2.9; DSAD: 52.9 ± 2.9; non-DS: 52.8 ± 1.1) (25 F/27 M) |
Nerve growth factor (NGF) pathway biomarkers in Down syndrome prior to and after the onset of clinical Alzheimer's disease: a paired CSF and plasma study | Alzheimers Dement | Males had higher levels of CSF neuroserpin in non-trisomic and DSAD, but females had higher levels in AD-asymptomatic DS; males had higher levels MMP-9 in plasma and higher levels of MMP-3 in plasma and CSF across all groups |
| Carmona-Iragui et al. (2021) | 236 DS adults (age ≥ 18) (75 F/90 M) |
Diagnostic and prognostic performance and longitudinal changes in plasma neurofilament light chain concentrations in adults with Down syndrome: a cohort study | Lancet Neurol | Males with DS showed 14.8% lower concentrations of plasma NfL than females with DS |
| Petersen et al. (2021) | 305 DS adults (age ≥ 25) (113 F/135 M) |
Plasma total-tau and neurofilament light chain as diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults with Down syndrome | J Alzheimers Dis | Addition of sex improved accuracy of model |
| Dang et al. (2021) | 275 DS adults (169 F/106 M) |
Sex differences in levels of plasma neurofilament light and total tau in adults with Down syndrome | Alzheimers Dement | Women with DS had higher levels of total tau compared to controls; difference not seen in men |
| Petersen et al. (2020) | 305 DS individuals (age cog. stable: 42.4 ± 9.1; MCI: 52.9 ± 6.9; AD: 54.3 ± 6.2) (153 F/183 M) |
Proteomic profiles for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment among adults with Down syndrome spanning serum and plasma: an Alzheimer's Biomarker Consortium–Down Syndrome (ABC–DS) study | Alzheimers Dement (Amst) | Addition of sex improved accuracy of model to aid in diagnosis of early cognitive decline |
| Hamlett et al. (2017) | 47 DS individuals; 37 non-DS individuals (age DS: 8–62; non-DS: 8–77) (41 F/43 M) |
Neuronal exosomes reveal Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in Down syndrome | Alzheimers Dement | Men with DS (age > 35) had 34% higher exosomal P-T181-Tau compared to age-matched women with DS; opposite effect seen in non-trisomic group. No sex differences observed in exosomal Aβ1-42 and P-S396-Tau in both trisomic and non-trisomic groups. |