Table 2.
In vitro study outcomes related to metabolic syndrome.
| Study Type (Number of Publ. Associated with Event) | Organism or Organism From Which Cells Were Originally Derived | Frequency (%) | Main Event Identified (Number of Publ. Associated with Event) |
Substances Associated with Event |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro (75) | Rat | 20 | Increased ROS (6) | PFOA, PFOS, 8:2 FTOH, PFOSA, PFDoDA |
| Cell death (3) | 8:2 FTOH, PFOS, PFOA, PFOSA | |||
| Activation of AhR (1) | PFCAs (C8-C12), PFHxS, PFOS | |||
| Mouse | 17 | PPARα activation (4) | PFCAs (C5-C9, C11-C12), PFHxS, PFOS | |
| Increased ROS (4) | PFOA, PFDA, PFOS | |||
| Human | 60 | Increased ROS (12) | PFCAs (C8-C11), PFHxS, PFOS | |
| Hepatotoxicity (11) | PFOA, PFOS | |||
| PPARα activity (3) | PFOA, PFOS, PFOSA | |||
| Others, e.g., baikal seal, hamster | 4 | Increased ROS, PPARα activity | PFOA, PFOS, PFAAs (C4-C12) |
Abbreviations: PPAR = peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor; ROS = reactive oxygen species; AhR = aryl hydrocarbon receptor; PFCAs = perfluorocarboxylic acids; PFOA = perfluorooctanoic acid; PFDA = perfluorodecanoic acid; PFDoDA = perfluorododecanoic acid; PFHxS = perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFOS = perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFAAs = perfluoroalkyl acids; FTOH = fluorotelomer alcohol; PFOSA = perfluorooctane sulfonamide.