Figure 2.

The distinct innate immune response of host cells under the ADE of viral infections. The virus–antibody complex binds to and activates FcRs that upregulate dihydroacetone kinase (DAK) and autophagy-related gene 5 and 12 (Atg5-Atg12 complex); it subsequently inhibits the TLRs activation and signaling pathway. Meanwhile, IL-10 activates the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) and then inhibits the Janus kinase-signal transducer and the activator of transcription (JAK-STAT)-specific pathway, resulting in the suppression of the interferon-mediated antiviral responses of host cells. On the other hand, release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm leads to the activation of TLRs, which subsequently increases IL-1β release by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway.