Table 1.

The mechanisms underlying the ADE of viral infection.

Viruses	Ig Types	Fc Receptors	Viral Proteins Responsible for ADE	Mechanisms Underlying the ADE	References
DENV	IgG	FcγRI/FcγRIIa/FcγRIIIa	prM and E proteins	Facilitating virus entry into target cells Inhibiting innate immunity Changing the transcriptional levels of host molecules	[39,40]
ZIKV	IgG	FcγR	prM and E proteins	Facilitating virus entry into target cells	[41,42]
WNV	IgM	FcμR/CR	prM and E proteins	Facilitating virus entry into target cells	[43,44]
MERS-CoV/SARS-CoV	IgG	FcγRIIa	S protein	Mimicking the viral receptor using the MAb against the S protein to mediate viral invasion	[45]
FIPV	IgG	FcγRI/FcγRII	S and M proteins	Enhancing the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α	[46]
PEDV	IgG	FcR	S protein	Enhancing viral infection in target cells	[47,48]
RSV	IgG	FcγR	G and F proteins	Stimulating poor Toll-like receptor (TLR) and producing non-protective antibodies	[49]
PRRSV	IgG	FcγRI/FcγRIIb/FcγRIII/FcεRI	GP5 and N proteins	Inhibiting the antiviral responses of host cells	[50,51]
HIV	IgG/IgA	FcαR/FcγRIII/CR	GP160 protein	Promoting membrane fusion through FcR and CR to facilitate virus entry	[52]
IV	IgG	FcR	HA protein	Increasing IV fusion dynamics and promoting IV infection	[53]