Table 3.

Summary of studies investigating the effect of chitosan and its derivatives on the intestinal permeability and oral pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs.

Drug (s)	Absorption Enhancer	Model	Results	Ref.
Acyclovir	Chitosan	In vitro: Caco-2 cell	Papp: 124- and 143-fold increase	[83]
		In vivo: rat intestine	AUC0–12 and AUC0–∞: 0.70- and 0.74-fold decrease Cmax: 0.56- and 0.63-fold decrease Tmax: 1.25- and 1.50-fold increase
		In vitro: Ussing chamber	Papp: 1.08- and 2.33-fold increase
Glucosamine hydrochloride	Chitosan	In vitro: Caco-2 cell	Papp: 1.9, 2.5 and 4.0-fold increase	[88]
		In vivo: rat intestine	Cmax: 2.8-fold increase Tmax: no change AUC0−∞: 2.5-fold increase
Salvianolic acid B	Chitosan	In vitro: Caco-2 cell	Papp: 4.43-fold increase	[79]
		In vivo: rat intestine	AUC0–∞: 4.25-fold increase
Berberine	Chitosan hydrochloride	In vivo: rat intestine	AUC0–36: no improvement Cmax: no improvement	[86]
	Chitosan	In vivo: rat intestine	AUC0–36: maximum 2.5-fold increase
Amphotericin B	Trimethyl chitosan	In vitro: Caco-2 cell	Papp: 1.11-fold increase	[87]