Table 2.

Representative living cell-mediated nanoparticles.

Cells	Key Characteristics	Therapeutics	Disease Models	Ref.
Macrophage	Tumor targeting; phagocytosis; immunoregulatory effect	CEL NPs	Abdominal metastasis of lung cancer models	[166]
DCs	Tumor targeting; immune response; blood-brain-barrier (BBB) penetration	Dox-polyglycerol-nanodiamond composites	Glioblastoma models	[167]
Neutrophils	Tumor targeting; BBB penetration	PTX and aPD-1 co-loaded NPs	Glioblastoma models	[168]
T cells	Tumor targeting; immune response	Liposomal immune regulators	Subcutaneous B16-OVA tumor models	[169]
Platelets	High abundance in the blood; endothelium adhesion; tumor targeting and penetration; production of platelet secretory granules	Dox and cross-linked aPD-L1 nanogels	Postsurgical melanoma models	[170]
Mesenchymal stem cells	Tumor targeting; relatively abundant sources; immune regulation	Dox-loaded liposomes	Subcutaneous tumor and lung metastasis models	[171]
Bacteria	Tumor targeting; inducing macrophage polarization; colonization in tumor tissues	PLGA-R848 and PLGA-DOX	Orthotopic breast cancer models	[172]