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. 2022 Aug 20;14(16):3427. doi: 10.3390/nu14163427

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Astaxanthin inhibited MMPs and Snail expression in H. pylori-infected cells. Cells were pre-treated with the indicated concentrations of astaxanthin (ASX) for 3 h and infected with H. pylori for 24 h. (A) MMP-7 and MMP-10 mRNA expressions were analyzed using real-time PCR and normalized to β-actin mRNA expression. All values are expressed as the mean ± standard error (SE) of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05 vs. ‘None’ (uninfected cells without ASX treatment); + p < 0.05 vs. ‘Control’ (infected cells without ASX treatment). (B) The MMP and Snail protein levels were determined using western blot analysis, with actin as the loading control (left panel). The densitometry data represent the mean ± standard error (SE) from three immunoblots and are shown as the relative density of protein bands normalized to actin (right panel). * p < 0.05 vs. ‘None’ (uninfected cells without ASX treatment); + p < 0.05 vs. ‘Control’ (infected cells without ASX treatment). ASX, astaxanthin.