Table 3.
Cardiac function and morphology
| Parameter | Control group (n = 22) | HIV infected ART naïve (n = 66) (Naïve) | p valuea | HIV infected 9 months on ART (n = 66) (ART) | p valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resting heart rate on electrocardiogram | 70 ± 10 | 73 ± 15 | 0.3 | 65 ± 13 | < 0.001 |
| Heart rhythm | |||||
| Sinus rhythm | 19 (86%) | 55 (83%) | 0.9 | 50 (76%) | 0.06 |
| Sinus bradycardia | 3 (14%) | 7 (11%) | 16 (24%) | ||
| Sinus tachycardia | None | 4 (6%) | None | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119 ± 13 | 114 ± 15 | 0.2 | 112 ± 14 | 0.4 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 ± 9 | 72 ± 10 | 0.08 | 69 ± 10 | 0.03 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 43 ± 10 | 42 ± 9 | 0.7 | 43 ± 10 | 0.6 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 90 ± 9 | 86 ± 11 | 0.09 | 84 ± 10 | 0.1 |
| Maximum TR velocity (m/s) | 1.55 ± 0.4 | 1.95 ± 0.5 | 0.003 | 2.01 ± 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Estimated pulmonary pressure (mmHg) | 16 ± 7 | 21 ± 7 | 0.008 | 22 ± 7 | 0.2 |
| Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | |||||
| Presence of pericardial effusion | 4 (18%) | 44 (67%) | < 0.001 | 43 (65%) | 0.9 |
| Thickest LV segment | |||||
| Anterior septum | 17 (77%) | 55 (83%) | 1.0 | 55 (83%) | 1.0 |
| Inferior septum | 4 (18%) | 10 (15%) | 10 (15%) | ||
| Other | 1 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | ||
| Maximum LV wall thickness (mm) | 9.1 ± 1.5 | 9.3 ± 1.4 | 0.5 | 9.5 ± 1.4 | 0.09 |
| Sphericity index in 2 chamber | 0.56 ± 0.05 | 0.55 ± 0.05 | 0.6 | 0.54 ± 0.04 | 0.07 |
| Sphericity index in 4 chamber | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 0.7 | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 0.4 |
| Averaged sphericity index | 0.53 ± 0.04 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.7 | 0.52 ± 0.04 | 0.3 |
| LA diameter (mm) | 33 ± 5 | 30 ± 4 | 0.03 | 30 ± 4 | 1.0 |
| LA area (cm2) | 20 ± 3 | 20 ± 4 | 0.8 | 21 ± 3 | 0.2 |
| RA area (cm2) | 19 ± 3 | 20 ± 4 | 0.4 | 20 ± 3 | 0.06 |
| LV end diastolic volume (ml) | 133 ± 24 | 143 ± 30 | 0.2 | 148 ± 28 | 0.05 |
| LV end diastolic volume indexed to height (ml/m) | 81 ± 13 | 86 ± 16 | 0.03* | 89 ± 15 | 0.04 |
| LV end diastolic volume indexed to body surface area (ml/m2) | 71 ± 13 | 84 ± 15 | < 0.001 | 86 ± 14 | 0.3 |
| LV end systolic volume indexed to body surface area (ml/m2) | 27 ± 8 | 34 ± 9 | < 0.001 | 35 ± 8 | 0.5 |
| RV end diastolic volume (ml) | 121 ± 37 | 138 ± 29 | 0.03 | 140 ± 29 | 0.4 |
| RV end diastolic volume indexed to height (ml/m) | 73 ± 21 | 83 ± 16 | 0.02* | 84 ± 16 | 0.4 |
| RV end diastolic volume indexed to body surface area (ml/m2) | 68 ± 14 | 82 ± 15 | < 0.001 | 81 ± 14 | 0.6 |
| RV end systolic volume indexed to body surface area (ml/m2) | 25 ± 8 | 33 ± 8 | < 0.001 | 32 ± 9 | 0.5 |
| LV mass (g) | 97 (84 to 115) | 102 (86 to 126) | 0.5 | 103 (84 to 127) | 0.9 |
| LV mass indexed to body surface area (g/m2) | 55 (46 tot 58) | 63 (52 to 71) | 0.003 | 60 (51 to 71) | 0.2 |
| LV mass indexed to height (g/m) | 60 (51 to 71) | 63 (53 – 74) | 0.04* | 63 (53 – 75) | 0.9 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 63 ± 5 | 59 ± 6 | 0.03* | 59 ± 5 | 0.9 |
| LV stroke volume (ml) | 84 ± 15 | 85 ± 17 | 0.8 | 88 ± 16 | 0.05 |
| RV ejection fraction (%) | 64 ± 5 | 60 ± 5 | 0.05* | 62 ± 6 | 0.09 |
| RV stroke volume (ml) | 80 ± 14 | 83 ± 17 | 0.5 | 86 ± 17 | 0.08 |
TR tricuspid regurgitation, LA left atrium, RA right atrium, LV left ventricle, RV right ventricle
*Adjusted for covariates
aControls vs naïve
bNaïve vs ART
Bold values indicates p value < or = 0.05