Table 2.

Compounds isolated from African propolis

Country	Compound	Class	References
Cameroon	Lupenone, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, methyl-3β,27-dihydroxycycloart-24-en-26-oate, oleanolic acid, β-amyrin acetate, lupeol, betulinic acid, lupeol acetate, ψ-taraxasterol-acetate, taraxasterol acetate, lanosterol, 3α-hydroxy-olean-12-en-30-ol, α-amyrone, β-acetoxy-amyrin, bacchara12,21dien3β-ol, betulinaldehyde and erythrodiol	Terpenoid	[405, 406]
	3-Undecylphenol, 3-tetradecylphenol, 3-pentadecylphenol, 3-hexadecylphenol, 3-heptadecylphenol, 3-nonadecylphenol, 3-((100 z)-pentadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((120 z)-pentadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((80 z)-heptadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((120 z)-heptadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((140 z)-heptadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((130 z)-nonadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((140 z)-nonadecenyl)-phenol, 5-pentadecylresorcinol, 5-hexadecylresorcinol, 5-heptadecylresorcinol, 5-((100 z)-pentadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5-((80 z)-heptadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5-((110 z)-heptadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5-((120 z)-heptadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5-((140 z)-hheptadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5-((140 z)-nonadecenyl)-resorcinol	Phenolic lipids	[407]
Cameroon	α-Terpineol and 1,8-terpineol	Monoterpene alcohols	[406]
	Ethyl palmitate	Fatty acid ester
	Lonchocarpol a, 6,8-diprenyl-aromadendrin and lespedezaflavanone C	Diprenyl-flavonoids
Congo	Lupenone, β-amyrin and lupeol	Triterpenes
	lonchocarpol A and 6,8-diprenyl-eriodictyol	Diprenyl-flavonoids
Cameroon	10-O-Eicosanylglycerol, deperoxidized derivative of plukenetione C	Miscellanous	[405, 408]
Egyptian	2,3-dihydroxy-4-methyl-octanoic acid hexacosanoic acid; 3,4- dimethoxy-cinnamic acid; 3-methyl-3-butenyl-trans-caffeate ester, tectochrysin 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy isoflavone		[409]
Egyptian	Isonymphaeol C	Prenylated flavonoid	[409]
Libya/Nigeria/cameroon	Cycloartanol, mangiferolic acid, mangiferonic acid, ambolic acid, 27-hydroxymangiferonic acid	Cycloartane triterpene	[405]
Nigeria	Ambonic acid		[410]
Libya	13-Epitorulosol, acetylisocupressic acid, agathadiol, isocupressic acid, isoagatholal	Diterpene	[411]
Cameroon	2-Hydroxy-8-prenylbiochanin A	Flavonoid
Libya	Taxifolin-3-acetyl-4′methyl ether
Nigeria	3,8-Dihydroxy-9-methoxy-pterocarpan, astrapterocarpan, vesticarpan, vestitol, broussonin B, calycosin, liquiritigenin, pinocembrin, isosativan, 2′-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan, medicarpin	Flavonoid	[411]
Algeria	Pectolinarigenin; 6,7-dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone (ladanein), acacetin, quercetin, 3-O-methyl-quercetin, kaempferol, chrysin, tectochrysin, galangin, myricetin-3,7,40,50-tetramethyl ether, apigenin, pectolinarigenin, pilosin, ladanein, pinocembrin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin-3-acetate, pinobanksin-3-(E)-caffeate, pinostrobin, genistein,	Flavonoid	[412, 413]
	(E)-resveratrol, tyrosol	Miscellanous	[413]
	pimaric acid, totarol, 18-hydroxy-cis-clerodan-3-en-15-oic acid, cistadiol, isoagathotal, imbricatoloic acid, cupressic acid, isocupressic acid, torulosol, agathadiol, torulosal	Terpenoids	[412, 413]
	caffeic acid, prenyl caffeate, methyl caffeate, isopentyl caffeate, 2-methyl-2-butenyl (E)-caffeate, 3-methyl-3-butenyl-(E)-caffeate, phenethyl-(E)-caffeate (CAPE), p-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid methyl ester, cinnamic acid (isoferulic acid, caftaric acid, caftaric acid methyl ester, ( +)-chicoric acid, ( +)-chicoric acid methyl ester,	Phenylpropanoids	[412–414]
Egypt	Isoferulic acid	Phenylpropanoids	[415]
	Chrysin, tectochrysin, galangin, pinocembrin, pinostrobin, quercetin-3,7-di-o-methyl ether, 3-methoxy-5,7,40 –trihydroxyflavone, 3,30 -dimethoxy-5,7,40 –trihydroxyflavone, izalpinin, isonymphaeol C, isonymphaeol B, isonymphaeol D, nymphaeol B,	Flavonoids	[409, 415]
	3β-Cycloartenol, 3β-cycloartenol-26-oic acid, 3α-cycloartenol-26-oic acid, β-amyrin acetate,	Terpenoids	[416]
Nigeria	Macarangin, 8-prenylnaringenin, pinocembrin, nymphaeol b, liquiritigenin, calycosin, (3S)-vestitol	Flavonoids	[417]
	Ambonic acid, mangiferonic acid, α-amyrin	Terpenoids	[405, 410]
	Medicarpin, riverinol, gerontoxanthone h, 6-deoxy-γ-mangostin, 1,7-dihydroxy-3-o-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl) xanthone	Miscellanous	[410]
	8-prenylnaringenin, 6-prenylnaringenin, propolin d, macarangin	Prenylated flavonoid	[405, 410]
	Gerontoxanthone H, 6-deoxy-γ-mangostin; 1,7-dihydro-3-o-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-8(3-methylbut-2-enyl) xanthone	Xanthone
Libya	13-Epitorulosal, acetyl-13-epi-cupressic acid, 13-epi-cupressic acid	Diterpenes	[418]
	Sesamin	Lignin
	Taxifolin-3-acetyl-4′-methyl ether	Flavanonol
	13-Epitorulosolol	Diterpene
	Demethylpiperitol, 5′-methoxypiperitol	Lignan
	Cycloartanol, mangiferolic acid, mangiferonic acid, ambolic acid, 27-hydroxymangiferonic acid	Cycloartane triterpene
	Cardol	Resorcinol
	Agathadiol, isocupressic acid, isoagatholal, acetylisocupressic acid	Diterpene
	bilobol
Libya	Demethylpiperitol, 5′-methoxypiperitol	Lignan	[411]
Nigeria	Riverinol	Benzofuran
Cameroon	Triacontyl ρ-coumarate	Coumarin
	Arachic/arachidic acid ethyl ester (PEN4)	Alkylphenol
Libya/Cameroon	Cardol	Alkylresorcinol
Cameroon	1′-O-Eicosanyl glycerol	Acylglycerol	[405]
Nigeria	Oleic acid; propyl stearate	Fatty acid and ester	[410]
Cameroon	Hexatriacontanoic acid, 2′,3′-dihydroxypropyltetraeicosanoate	Fatty acid	[411]
Zambian and Tanzanian	6(1,1, dimethyl allyl) pinocembrin; 6(1,1, dimethyl allyl) naringenin; 5-hydroxy-4″,4″-dimethyl-5″-methyl-5″-H-dihydrofuranol [2″,3″,6,7] flavanone	Flavanone	[419]
Mediterranean	Copalol; 3-epi-manool; communal; 14,15-dinor-13-oxo-8(17)-labden-19-oic acid; pimaric acid; 13-epi-torulosal; communic acid;	Diterpene	[389]
Cameroon	2-Hydroxy-8-prenylabiochanin A, 2’,3’-dihydroxypropyltetraeicosanoate, β-amyrine, oleanolic acid, β-amyrine acetate, lupeol, betulinic acid, lupeol acetate, lupenone	Isoflavonol	[219]
Kenya	Tetrahydrojusticidin B, phyllamyricin C, and 6-methoxydiphyllin	Arylnaphtalene lignan	[376]
Kenya	Macarangin, schweinfurthin A and B	Geranylated flavonol (geranylstilbenes)	[376]
Kenya	Phyllamyricin C, tetrahydrojusticidin B, 6-methoxydiphyllin	Micellanous	[376]
Cameroon	(E)-5-(2-(8-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-2H-chromen-6-yl) vinyl)-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) benzene-1,3-diol; 5-((E)-3,5-dihydroxystyryl)-3- ((E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl) benzene-1,2-diol;	Prenylated stilbenes	[408]