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Effect of maternal CKD and propionate (P) supplementation on renal cytokine levels in offspring at 12 weeks of age. The letters a and b above the bars show significant differences between groups (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA); N = 7–8/group. C = control; CKD = adenine-treated rats; CP = control rats received propionate; CKDP = adenine-treated rats received propionate.
