Table 4.

Recent advances in nanomedicines for overcoming resistance to immunotherapy.

Nanoformulation	Name	Particle Size	Payload	Reversal Mechanism of Drug Resistance	Cell Line	Tumor Model	Reference
Hybrid nanoparticles	mPTEN@NPs	111.8 ± 15.3 nm	PTEN mRNA	Improve the sensitivity of ICB therapy	B16F10 cells	B16F10 melanoma tumor-bearing mice	[248]
	PGA@GOx@Mn, Cu-CDs	~80 nm	Gox and Mn, Cu-CDs	Combined action of starving therapy/PDT/PTT and checkpoint-blockade immunotherapy	4T1 cells	4T1 tumor-bearing mice	[281]
	BBPQDs	30 nm	BPQDs	Reprogram the immunosuppressive TME	4T1 cells	4T1 tumor-bearing mice	[282]
	R837@HM-NPs	71 ± 4.1 nm	R837	Reprogram the immunosuppressive TME	4T1 cells	4T1 tumor-bearing mice	[283]
	CAT@S/Ce6-CTPP/DPEG	~100 nm	Catalase and Ce6	Combined action of PDT and immunotherapy	4T1 cells	4T1 tumor-bearing mice	[284]
Liposomes	H2O2@Liposome and CAT@Liposome	~140 nm	H2O2 and Catalase	Radio-immunotherapy	4T1 cells	4T1 tumor-bearing mice	[285]
Nanoemulsion	SSB NMs	~130 nm	SeC and TGF-β inhibitor	Improve the sensitivity of cell-based immunotherapy	MDA-MB-231 cells	MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice	[271]
Polymeric nanoparticles	ANCs	~30 nm	ICB mAb and small-molecule immunomodulators	T lymphocyte targeting and combination therapy	B16F10 and 4T1 cells	B16F10 and 4T1 tumor-bearing mice	[280]
Nanogels	P407 hydrogel	~28 nm	Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies	Sustained antibody release	D1DCs and MC-38 cells	CT26 tumor-bearing mice	[286]
	Zeb-aPD1-NPs-Gel	~100 nm	Zebularine and anti-PD1 antibody	Controlled drug release and reversal of immunosuppressive TME	B16F10 cells	B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice	[287]
	aPDL1-GEM@Gel	/	Gemcitabine and PD-L1 blocking antibody	Combination therapy	B16F10 and 4T1 cells	B16F10 and 4T1 tumor-bearing mice	[288]

“/”: The original research article did not mention it.