TABLE 4.
Bioactive compounds with significant antimicrobial activity.
| S. No. | Compounds | Root extracts |
Biological activity | References | ||
| n-hexane | Ethyl acetate | Methanol | ||||
| 1. | 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane | + | + | + | Antimicrobial activity against Salmonella suis (ATCC 13076), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27583), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphyllococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Shigella sonnei (ATCC 11060), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). | Al-Wathnani et al., 2012 |
| 2. | 2R-acetoxymethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-4t-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-1t-cyclohexanol | + | + | + | Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus. | Nabi et al., 2022a |
| 3. | 5, 10-pentadecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)- | + | + | + | Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | Majeed et al., 2021 |
| 4. | 7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one,4,9-dimethoxy- | + | – | + | Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. | AlMalki, 2016 |
| 5. | n-hexadecanoic acid | + | + | + | Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilus (NCIM 2718), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aurginosa (ATCC 27853), Klebseilla pneumoniae (ATCC 70063), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). | Mickymaray et al., 2016 |
| 6. | Squalene | + | + | + | Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio harveyi Micrococcus roseus, and Staphylococcus aureus. | Dordab et al., 2021 |
| 7. | Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | – | – | + | Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (W35), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (D31), Klebsiella pneumoniae (DF30), Klebsiella pneumoniae (B45), and Bacillus subtilis. | Lalthanpuii and Lalchhandama, 2019; Shaaban et al., 2021 |
| 8. | 7-hydroxycoumarin | – | – | + | Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogene, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and antifungal activity against strains of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Cryptococcus neoformans. | Farshori et al., 2011 |
| 9. | Linalool | – | – | + | Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shewanella putrefaciens. | Liu X. et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2021 |
| 10. | Geraniol | – | – | + | Antimicrobial activity against Candida and Staphylococcus genera. | Lira et al., 2020 |
| 11. | cis,cis,cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienal | – | – | + | Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. | Li et al., 2014 |
| 12. | Cyclohexane | + | – | – | Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. | Shoaib et al., 2019 |
| 13. | Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl)ester | – | – | + | Antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts, such as Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata. | Chakraborty et al., 2022 |
| 14. | Methyl 9-cis, 11-trans-octadecadienoate | – | – | + | Antifungal activity against Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. | Ouf et al., 2022 |
| 15. | Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester | – | + | – | Antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, and Vibrio ordalli. | Gohar et al., 2010 |
| 16. | Campesterol | + | – | – | Antibacterial activity against the rate limiting enzyme involved in cell wall synthesis of bacteria i.e., glucosamine 6 phosphate synthase (PDB ID – 4VF5) as protein target. | Ranjith, 2019 |
“+” indicate presence and “–” absence of phytocontituents.