Table 4:

Final summary table listing the results by outcomes for all studies for which data were available to calculate effect sizes^a

Outcome	Study	Comparison	Total n	Cohen’s d	Effect size
Motor
BSID PDI	Ohgi et al.;80 Morgan et al.;17 Palmer et al.;49 Nelson et al.81	Enriched NDT vs standard care; GAME vs standard care; NDT vs developmental stimulation; multisensory+standard care vs standard care	148	0.40; 0.42; −0.63; 0.43	0.19; 0.40; −0.30; 0.12
GMFM	Stark et al.;53 Morgan et al.;17 Law et al.48	sWBV+standard care vs standard care; GAME vs standard care; child- vs context-focused	191	0.13; 0.20; 0.11	0.06; 0.10; 0.05
GMFM-D	Mattern-Baxter et al.54	High- vs low-intensity treadmill training	19	0.36	0.17
GMFM-E	Mattern-Baxter et al.54	High- vs low-intensity treadmill training	19	0.26	0.13
GMFM-Sitting	Park et al.84	Electrical stimulation+NDT vs NDT	26	1.27	0.53
PDMS-2	Morgan et al.;17 Mahoney et al.;43 Mattern-Baxter et al.54	GAME vs standard care equal dose; NDT vs developmental skills; high- vs low-intensity treadmill training	55	0.57; −0.12; −0.29	0.27; −0.16; −0.14
PMAL-amount	Taub et al.;83 Wallen et al.47	CIMT vs standard care; CIMT vs intensive occupational therapy	68	1.61; 0.32	0.62; 0.15
PMAL-quality	Taub et al.;83 Wallen et al.47	CIMT vs standard care; CIMT vs intensive occupational therapy	68	0.75; 0.38	0.35; 0.18
Daily total steps	Mattern-Baxter et al.54	High- vs low-intensity treadmill training	19	−0.40	−0.19
AHA	Wallen et al.47	CIMT vs intensive occupational therapy	50	0.37	0.18
PEDI-Mobility	Mattern-Baxter et al.54	High- vs low-intensity treadmill training	19	−0.40	−0.20
PEDI-Mobility FSS	Law et al.48	Child- vs context-focused	128	0.04	0.02
PEDI-Mobility CAS	Law et al.48	Child- vs context-focused	128	0.01	0.00
TIME	Mahoney et al.43	Developmental skills vs NDT	6	−0.30	−0.15
Cognitive
BSID MDI	Ohgi et al.;80 Palmer et al.;49 Nelson et al.81	Enriched NDT vs standard care; NDT vs developmental stimulation; multisensory+standard care vs standard care	108	0.55; −0.57; 0.59	0.26; −0.27; 0.28
Other/general development
Vineland-Social	Palmer et al.49	NDT vs developmental stimulation	48	−0.25	−0.12
PEDI-Self-care	Stark et al.53	WBV+standard care vs standard care	33	0.23	0.11
PEDI-Self-care	Law et al.48	Child- vs context-focused	128	0.14	0.07
FSS
PEDI-Self-care	Law et al.48	Child- vs context-focused	128	−0,02	−0.01
CAS
COPM	Morgan et al.;17 Wallen et al.47	GAME vs standard care; CIMT vs intensive occupational therapy	80	0.25; 0.04	0.12; 0.02
BSID	Morgan et al.17	GAME vs standard care	30	0.42	0.20
EBS	Taub et al.83	CIMT vs standard care	18	1.27	0.53

^aNo information is available from nine studies.^{40,41,46,50–52,55,85,86} The mean and standard deviation were used to calculate the effect size.

BSID PDI, Bayley Scales of Infant Development Psychomotor Developmental Index; NDT, neurodevelopmental treatment; GAME, Goals-Activity-Motor Enrichment; GMFM, Gross Motor Function Measure; sWVB, side-alternating, whole-body vibration; PDMS-2, Peabody Developmental Motor Scale, Second Edition; PMAL, Pediatric Motor Activity Log; CIMT, constraint-induced movement therapy; AHA, Assisting Hand Assessment; PEDI, Pediatric Evaluation of Development Inventory; FSS, Functional Skills Scales; CAS, Caregiver Assistance Scales; TIME, Toddler Infant Motor Evaluation; COPM, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure; EBS, Emerging Behaviors Scale.