Table 1.

Bioactive chemical constituents of leaves of Urtica dioica.

Chemical Group	Compounds	References
Flavonoids	Amentoflavone, apiin, apigenin, apigenin 7-O-β-d-glucoside, baicalin, baicalein, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, chrysoeriol, genestein, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, keampferol 3-O-β-d-glucoside, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-β-d-glucoside, myrecetin, naringenin, quercetin, quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-β-d-galactoside, rutin, vitexin	[25,34,35]
Phenolic acids	Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives Gallic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid Cinnamic acid derivatives Cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid	[25,34,35]
Amino acids	Alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, valine	[32]
Carotenoids	β-Carotene, lutein isomers, neoxanthin, violaxanthin	[36]
Organic acids	Acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, malic acid, succinic acid	[32]
Fatty acids	Arachidic acid, arachidonic acid, behenic acid, dodecendioic acid, euric acid, palmitic acid, palmitolic acid, stearic acid, tricosanoic acid, lauric acid, etc.	[34,36]