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. 2022 Aug 12;13:953206. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.953206

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Copyright © 2022 Sharawy, Imam, Aboulhoda, Khalifa, Morcos, Abd Algaleel, Moustafa, Abdelbaset and Shoukry.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changes in macrophage polarization over time in sepsis-induced encephalopathy. (A–D) Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of macrophage polarization biomarkers: M1 pro-inflammatory macrophage iNOS (A) and M2 anti-inflammatory macrophage iNOS/Arg-1 ratio (B), FIZZ1 (C), and Arg-1 (D). All expression levels were normalized to that of GAPDH. Data are the means ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs. the corresponding sham group; !p < 0.05 vs. the 6 h CLP group; ^# p < 0.05 vs. the 24 h CLP group. N = 10 rats per group.