Figure 14.

Prototype “button cell” used for shock ED. (a) Rectangular cross section and (b) photograph of the button cell prototype. This device is a cylindrical macroporous material submerged in an electrolyte and placed between copper electrodes. Electrical current is driven by the electrodeposition of copper onto the bottom electrode. (c) Current–voltage relationship in shock ED with 1 mM aqueous CuSO₄ as the electrolyte; the effect of the sign of surface charge is also shown. Dashed lines represent experimental data, and solid lines represent the fit to a theoretical model. (d) Energy cost per unit volume of deionized water with (dashed lines) and without (solid lines) the series resistances due to the reservoir and electrodes. Reproduced with permission from ref (95). Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society.