Figure 16.

Operating principles and representative simulation results of shock ED. (a) Ions are transported by an electric field perpendicular to the flow, and the electrical current is driven by water redox at the electrodes. (b) Schematic to illustrate ion transport by advection (blue arrows) and streaming potential (red arrows) at the interface between a charged channel and the outlet. u^P is the hydrodynamic flow velocity, and q_kE_str is an electrostatic force generated by the streaming potential, where q_k is electric charge and E_str is electric field. Reproduced with permission from ref (581). Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (c) Steady-state profiles of concentration, c, electric potential, ψ, and velocity, u, at a dimensionless current of five. The velocity profile shows distortion of the depletion zone by electroosmotic vortices. The feed to all channels is 10 mM NaCl aqueous solution at a pH of seven. Reproduced with permission from ref (580). Copyright 2021 Elsevier. (d) Contour plots of dimensionless, depth-averaged concentration and flux vectors for Na⁺ and Pb²⁺ at six sample locations in the porous material. Reproduced with permission from ref (581). Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society.