Figure 17.

Representative results for selective ion separations by shock ED. (a) Concentration per pass (top and middle) and scaled selectivity (bottom) as functions of dimensionless current for the most abundant cations in seawater. Reproduced with permission from ref (584). Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (b) Deionization per pass (bottom) and cumulative deionization (top) at a dimensionless current of five for three cations normally present in the process water of light-water nuclear reactors. Reproduced with permission from ref (574). Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. (c) Normalized concentration of Pb²⁺ and water recovery as functions of dimensionless current for removal of Pb²⁺ from water in the presence of excess competing Na⁺. Reproduced with permission from ref (581). Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society.