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. 2022 Jul 29;122(16):13547–13635. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396

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© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

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Estimates of the volumetric energy consumed by RO and a generic electrochemical process based on the analysis in section 6.1, specifically eqs 17 and 18. These estimates assume that the feed is desalinated to a final concentration of 1 μM; here, γ = 0.5 (water recovery, defined as the fraction of the feed recovered as permeate) and 10 L h^–1 m^–2 (productivity). Energies are compared to the thermodynamic limit, represented by the dashed curve, and are reported in units of kW h m^–3 of diluate.

Inline graphic — Estimates of the volumetric energy consumed by RO and a generic electrochemical process based on the analysis in section 6.1, specifically eqs 17 and 18. These estimates assume that the feed is desalinated to a final concentration of 1 μM; here, γ = 0.5 (water recovery, defined as the fraction of the feed recovered as permeate) and 10 L h^–1 m^–2 (productivity). Energies are compared to the thermodynamic limit, represented by the dashed curve, and are reported in units of kW h m^–3 of diluate.