Figure 26.

Representative results and mechanisms of CDI with intercalation and conversion electrodes. (a) Ion removal capacity and maximum removal rate in HCDI applied to a 10 mM solution of NaCl; the system is operated at 1.2 V for 15 min during the capture step and at −1.2 V for 15 min during the release step. Reproduced with permission from ref (843). Copyright 2014 Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Ragone plot of HCDI (with Na₂FeP₂O₇) and MCDI for feed concentrations of 10 mM and 100 mM. Reproduced with permission from ref (885). Copyright 2016 Elsevier. (c) Mechanism and (d) performance metrics of RCDI applied to a 600 mM solution of NaCl; the system is operated at a cell voltage of 200 mV. (c) Reproduced with permission from ref (715). Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (d) Reproduced with permission from ref (930). Copyright 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry.