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. 2022 Jul 29;122(16):13547–13635. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396

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© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

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Thermodynamic energy efficiency as a function of productivity for various electrochemical methods performing laboratory-scale desalination of brackish and dilute water. Representative data are presented for EDI (squares),^{623,1184,1185} ED (diamonds),^{342,1186−1189} shock ED (circles),^87,584 and CDI with either carbon electrodes (stars)^636,757 or intercalation electrodes (triangles).^715,907,937 The color and size of each data marker represent feed concentration and the ratio c₀/c_D (see eq 19), respectively. The dashed line represents an (approximate) empirical efficiency limit and is given by , where is in units of L h^–1 m^–2.

Inline graphic — Thermodynamic energy efficiency as a function of productivity for various electrochemical methods performing laboratory-scale desalination of brackish and dilute water. Representative data are presented for EDI (squares),^{623,1184,1185} ED (diamonds),^{342,1186−1189} shock ED (circles),^87,584 and CDI with either carbon electrodes (stars)^636,757 or intercalation electrodes (triangles).^715,907,937 The color and size of each data marker represent feed concentration and the ratio c₀/c_D (see eq 19), respectively. The dashed line represents an (approximate) empirical efficiency limit and is given by , where is in units of L h^–1 m^–2.