Figure 44.

Process intensification of shock ED (left) by integrating CDI (right) to recycle Li⁺ in two steps. The first step is selective capture of Li⁺ in the intercalation electrode of a CDI unit from the brine discharged by shock ED. The second step is release of Li⁺ into the fresh stream produced by shock ED by reversing the direction of the applied field. Cations other than Li⁺ and H⁺ are labeled C⁺, anions are labeled A^–, and neutral species (unaffected by the electric fields) are labeled N; streams are colored based on the relative concentration of ions. Reproduced with permission from ref (574). Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.