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. 2022 Jul 29;122(16):13547–13635. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396

Figure 9.

Figure 9

Operating principles of chemical energy ED. (a) Schematic of an ED cell driven by chemical energy, where a reductant R and oxidant O are used to drive desalination and generate electricity. Adapted with permission from ref (441). Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (b) Calculations of the maximum available energy from an ED cell driven by chemical energy for various redox couples. (c) Measured thermodynamic efficiency of ED cells driven by hydrogen–oxygen and zinc–bromine redox couples. Reproduced with permission from ref (447). Copyright 2020 The Electrochemical Society.