Table 1.

Peer-reviewed literature of canine fecal microbiota transplantation.

Author, Year	Recipient Feature	Number of Dogs	Frequency of FMT	Delivery Route	Clinical Effects	Effects on Fecal Microbiota	Method for Fecal Preparation
Burton et al., 2016 [57]	Weaning puppies, postweaning diarrhea	11 FMT 12 controls	5 days, once per day	Oral	No difference in fecal consistency between FMT and control puppies	Wide variability of microbiome in puppies, no clustering with donor microbiome observed	10 mL fecal suspension (100 g pooled dam feces mixed with 200 mL 2% fat cow’s milk after filtration)
Bottero et al., 2017 [55]	IBD refractory to conventional treatment	16 adult dogs with severe, refractory IBD of >1 year duration	Oral treatment group received FMT q 48–72 h	9 dogs endoscopy + oral, 7 dogs oral	Overall, mean CCECAI seemed to decrease in most dogs following FMT. Heterogeneous clinical presentation and concurrent treatments complicate evaluation	Not applicable	60–80 g feces for dogs <20 kg BW, 100–150 g for dogs > 20 kg BW. 1:1 dilution with 0.9% saline, filtered and mixed with low-fat yogurt as enrichment solution
Pereia et al., 2018 [52]	Parvovirus infection	33 received standard treatment, 33 received FMT in addition	FMT administered within 5–12 h of admission and q 48 h thereafter	Endoscopy	No difference in mortality rate, FMT dogs had quicker resolution of diarrhea, and shorter hospitalization	Not applicable	10 g feces administered per puppy. 1:1 dilution with saline
Nina et al., 2019 [53]	IBD refractory to antibiotic and immunosuppressive treatment over time	10-year-old toy poodle	9 treatments within 6 months	Endoscopy	Improved CIBDAI.	Increased in Fusobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, decreased in Proteobacteria. Clustered phylogenetically with donor	Feces diluted 1:3 with ringer lactate. The dog received approximately 3 g feces/kg body weight
Sugita et al., 2019 [37]	Intermittent large bowel diarrhea, 4 months of duration, feces positive for CD (PCR and toxins A & B)	8-month-old French bulldog		Oral	Normalization of fecal consistency and defecation frequency within 2–3 days, without recurrence of CD or diarrhea over 190 days	Not applicable	30 mL fecal suspension (60 g feces diluted in 50 mL tap water after filtration) given orally. Equivalent to approximately 2.5–3 g feces/kg BW
Chitman et al., 2020 [49]	Uncomplicated acute diarrhea of <14 days duration		11 dogs received a single FMT, 7 dogs received metronidazole 15 mg/kg q 12 h for 7 days	Endoscopy	Lower (better) fecal score at days 7 and 28 for both treatments, FMT fecal score lower than metronidazole at day 28	Fecal dysbiosis indexes better with FMT than metronidazole at days 7 and 28. FMT dogs tended to cluster healthy dogs at day 28, unlike metronidazole dogs	Fresh feces mixed with 60 mL 0.9% NaCl in a blender. Blend on high until the stool is liquefied and no larger pieces are seen. For very large dogs a larger volume of saline may be needed to obtain sufficiently liquefied fecal solution
Diniz et al., 2021 [56]	Chronic-recurring pasty large bowel diarrhea	4-year-old female golden retriever	Received FMT via colonoscopy	Colonoscopy	Clostridium difficile no longer present in the dog’s stool	Not applicable	Approximately 65 g of feces were diluted in 250 mL of sterilized PBS
Gal et al., 2021 [51]	Canine acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome	8 dogs aged 3–12 years old	Received FMT via colonoscopy	Colonoscopy	There were no significant differences in median AHDS clinical scores between FMT-recipients and sham-treated controls	Increased microbiota diversity. Short-chain fatty acid producers including Eubacterium biforme, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Prevotella copri were significantly decreased	Stool was homogenized at room temperature in a sterilized blender at a ratio of 1-part stool/4 parts saline. The suspension was passed through a sterilized sieve to remove large particles