Table 1.
In vitro (and animal) studies with vitamin K on cancer cell lines.
| Cancer Type | Active Form of Vitamin K | Cancer Cell Lines Sensitive to the Action of Vitamin K | Optimal Concentration | Combination Treatment/In Vivo Studies | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | K2 | Hs578T, SUM159PT | 5 μg mL−1
(supplemented medium) |
[30] | |
| K2 (MK-4) | BT-474, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 | 10–25 μM (supplemented medium) |
[31] | ||
| K2 (MK-4) | MDA-MB-231 | 124.4 µM (IC50) | low-glucose medium (5.5 mM) |
[32] | |
| K3 | BT-474, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SK-BR3 |
11.3–25.1 µM (IC50) | in vivo studies | [33] | |
| K3 | MCF-7 | 14.2 μM (IC50) | [34] | ||
| Cervical cancer | K3 | SiHa (HPV-16 positive) | 10.8 µM (IC50) 21.7 µM (IC90) |
[35] | |
| K3 | HeLa, SiHa | ultraviolet radiation A + in vivo studies | [36] | ||
| Ovarian cancer | K2 (MK-4) | PA-1, TYK-nu | 5.0–73.0 µM (IC50) | [37] | |
| K2 (MK-4) | TYK-nu | 73.0 µM (IC50) | [38] | ||
| K3 | OVCAR-3, SK-OV-3 | 7.5 µM (~59% cell death) |
[39] | ||
| K3 (menadione bisulfite) | MDAH 2774, CAOV-3, ES-2 |
22.0–41.8 µM (CD50) | vitamin C | [40] | |
| K3 (menadione bisulfite) | MDAH 2774 | 20.3 µM (supplemented medium) |
vitamin C | [41] | |
| K3 | SK-OV-3 | 20.0 µM (80% inhibition rate) |
[42] |